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Table 1 Basic Characteristics of the Included Studies

From: Effects of qigong on systolic and diastolic blood pressure lowering: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis

Author

Year

Country

Population Characteristic

Mean Age

Intervention (T)

Control©

Intent-ion to treat

Per protocol (Qigong/ Control)

Trial Duration

Amount of practice

Duration of Qigong

Outcome

Lee et al

2003

Korea

Essential hypertension

T: 55.8 ± 6.3 C: 57.1 ± 7.6

Shuxin-pingxue gong

Wait-list control

65

58 (29/29)

8 weeks

Not mention-ed

30 min/d included the warming-up (5 minutes), the Qigong (20 min) and the cool-down exercise (5 min)

Qigong may stabilize the sympathetic nervous system, improve ventilatory functions and reduce BP positively in mildly hypertensive middle-aged patients

Lee et al

2004

Korea

Essential hypertension

T: 52.6 ± 5.1 C: 54.3 ± 5.5

Shuxin-pingxue gong

Wait-list control

46

36 (17/19)

8 weeks

Twice per week

30 min/d, including warm-up (5 minutes), the qigong exercise (20 min), and cool-down exercises (5 min)

Qigong has positive effects on reducing BP and enhancing perceptions of self-efficacy

Cheung et al

2005

Hong Kong

Essential hypertension

T: 57.2 ± 9.5 C: 51.2 ± 7.4

Guolin Qigong

Conventional exercise: 60 min in the morning and 15 min in the evening/d

91

76 (37/39)

16 weeks

Daily

60 min in the morning and 15 min in the evening/d

There is no significant difference in the effects of qigong and conventional exercise on BP in patients with mild hypertension

Ji-eun Park et al

2014

Korea

Pre-hypertension and mild hypertension.

52.0 (43.0, 61.0)

Qigong

No interventi-on

44

40 (19/21)

8 weeks

More than 2 times per week

30 min per session

Qigong presented statistically significant effects compared with no treatment in decreasing BP for prehypertension and mild essential hypertension

Chen D

2016

Beijing

Essential hypertension

66.3 ± 5.8

Mawangdui Daoyinshu Qigong (MDQ)

No interventi-on

60

60 (30/30)

6 months

Five times per week

warm-up (5 min), the Qigong exercise (34 min), and a cool-down (5 min

MDQ may have the potential to improve SBP, DBP, HDL-C, LDL-C, TPR, FG, serum NO, and plasma ET-1.

Xiao et al

2016

Beijing

Essential hypertension

65.6 ± 7.8

Ba Duan Jin Qigong

No interventi-on

48

48 (24/24)

6 months

Five times per week

5-min warm-up, 30 min of Qigong exercise, and a 5-min cool-down.

Ba Duan Jin Qigong exercise may have the potential to improve SBP, DBP, HDL-C, LDL-C, TC, triglycerides, fasting glucose, serum NO, and plasma ET-1.

Ji-Eun Park et al

2017

Korea

Pre-hypertension and mild hypertension.

54.52 ± 6.96

Dongeui Qigong

No interventi-on

74

52 (25/27)

12 weeks

More than five times a week

Qigong class lasted 50 min,consisted of a warm-up (15 min),main qigong treatment (25 min), and a cool-down (10 min)

Dongeui qigong treatment for 12 weeks is not significantly effective in prehypertension and mild hypertension compared with no treatment

  1. Data are presented in mean ± standard deviation or (minimum value, maximum value), T Treatment group, C control group