The in vitro and in vivo wound-healing effects of royal jelly derived from Apis mellifera L. during blossom seasons of Castanea mollissima Bl. and Brassica napus L. in South China exhibited distinct patterns

Table 1 Wound areas and healing speed at each observation time point during the procedure of treatment

Groups	Average of wound areas (cm²) (mean ± SEM)								Area healed per day (cm²/day) (mean ± SEM)
Groups	Day 0	Day 2	Day 4	Day 6	Day 8	Day 10	Day 12	Day 14	Day 2	Day 4	Day 6	Day 8	Day 10	Day 12	Day 14
Solvent sterile saline (negative control)	1.802 ± 0.021	1.406 ± 0.024	1.144 ± 0.023	0.618 ± 0.030	0.308 ± 0.014	0.170 ± 0.023	0.090 ± 0.015	0.036 ± 0.008	0.198 ± 0.016	0.131 ± 0.017	0.263 ± 0.012	0.155 ± 0.015	0.069 ± 0.006	0.040 ± 0.004	0.027 ± 0.004
EGF (10 μg/ml, positive control)	1.760 ± 0.020	1.796 ± 0.014***	1.388 ± 0.022**	0.862 ± 0.016*	0.422 ± 0.018	0.286 ± 0.012	0.146 ± 0.011	0.048 ± 0.009	−0.018 ± 0.010^##	0.204 ± 0.014	0.263 ± 0.012	0.220 ± 0.004	0.068 ± 0.008	0.070 ± 0.004	0.049 ± 0.003
*Castanea mollissima* Bl. royal jelly (10%)	1.782 ± 0.022	1.926 ± 0.007***	1.426 ± 0.016**	0.764 ± 0.027	0.450 ± 0.022	0.284 ± 0.015	0.136 ± 0.013	0.046 ± 0.010	−0.072 ± 0.013^###	0.250 ± 0.007*	0.331 ± 0.013	0.157 ± 0.007	0.083 ± 0.006	0.074 ± 0.006	0.045 ± 0.003
*Brassica napus* L. royal jelly (10%)	1.768 ± 0.019	1.334 ± 0.027	1.080 ± 0.012	0.716 ± 0.027	0.338 ± 0.016	0.182 ± 0.010	0.084 ± 0.005	0.036 ± 0.005	0.217 ± 0.020	0.127 ± 0.012	0.182 ± 0.009	0.189 ± 0.006	0.078 ± 0.004	0.049 ± 0.004	0.024 ± 0.001

Area healed per day (cm²/day) = (Area_n-2-Area_n) / (Day_n-Day_n-2) × 100%. The “Area_n-2” and “Area_n” were the areas of wounds on day n-2 and day n; the “Day_n” and “Day_n-2” were the day n and day n-2 post-wounding. Statistical significance of differences: *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; ##, p < 0.01; ###, p < 0.001 (* and # represent the values are higher and lower than the negative control, respectively)

ISSN: 2662-7671