Fig. 4

The effect of Protocatechuic aldehyde on IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α levels in vitro. Sampling from C57 mice, two pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), and one anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) were measured at the mRNA and/or protein levels and data were presented as percentages of WT values. Eight to five (mRNA) or five (protein) mice per group. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 4). #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001 vs LPS. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.01 vs controls group. $P < 0.05, $$P < 0.01, $$$P < 0.01 LPS vs controls group