Fig. 2

The diagrammatic illustration of PA mechanisms as alternative and complementary therapy for diabetes mellitus. (−) = Inhibition, (+) = Activation, ↑ = Increase, ↓ = Decrease, CRP = C-reactive protein, TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6 = interlukin-6, SGPT = serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, SGOT = serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, ALR2 = aldose reductase 2, FFA = free fatty acid, TGs = triglycerides, Oxd. LDL-c = oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, NADPH = reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, GSH = reduced glutathione, SOD = superoxide dismutase, MAPK = mitogen activated protein kinase, IR-β = insulin receptor β, ERK1/2 = extracellular signal regulated kinase1/2