Fig. 3
Effects of honeybee products and edible insect powders on synaptic structures. The synaptic structures of control larvae (w; UAS-GFPIR/+;elav-GAL4/+) (a), pan neuron-specific dUbqn knockdown larvae (w; UAS-dUbqnIR107–494/+;elav-GAL4) without treatment (b), with coffee honey treatment (c), Apis dorsata melittin treatment (d), and wasp powder treatment (e) were shown. HRP and Dlg which are pre- and post-synaptic markers were observed in green and red signals, respectively. The quantification of the main branch length (f), number of boutons (g), number of branches (h), and average terminal boutons size (i) was performed by ImageJ. Quantification results represent the mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, N.S. not significant. Scale bar is 30 μm. (n = 10 larvae per group)