Fig. 5

Effects of T. crispa on MAPK, NF-κB and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. Western blots presenting the effects of TCE on (a) phosphorylation of IKKα/β, IκBα, and p65 of NF-κB, (b) on JNK, ERK, and p38 MAP kinases as well as on phosphorylation of Akt. ###p < 0.001 represents the significant difference from the control. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 represent significance to the LPS alone versus TCE pretreated. All values are stated as mean ± SEM (n = 3)