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Fig. 3 | BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies

Fig. 3

From: Standardized ethanol extract of Tinospora crispa upregulates pro-inflammatory mediators release in LPS-primed U937 human macrophages through stimulation of MAPK, NF-κB and PI3K-Akt signaling networks

Fig. 3

Effects of T. crispa on cytokines release in U937 macrophages. a and b TNF-α and IL-1β production. c and d TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA expression. ###p < 0.001 represents the significant difference from the control. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 represent significance to the LPS alone versus TCE or LEV pretreated. All values are stated as mean ± SEM (n = 3). LEV = Levamisole

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