Table 1 Characteristics of included studies of the effects of Tai Chi and Qigong exercise on symptoms of depression and anxiety
Study | Study design; location | Study participants | Sample size (Mean age ± SD) | Intervention | Control | Duration | Outcome measures | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Li et al., 2002 [47] | NRS, Jiangsu, China | Males with dependence on heroin | Exp: 34 (33.3 ± 6.5) Con 1: 26 (31.9 ± 5.9) Con 2: 26 (31.7 ± 6.1) | Qigong (2–2.5 h, once per day) | (1) Medication, (2) No treatment | 1wk + 3d | HAS | Exp vs. Con 1: p < 0.001 Exp vs. Con 2: p < 0.01 |
Chen et al., 2010 [48] | NRS, USA | Individuals with drug abuse | Exp: 126 (35.9 ± 10.9) Con: 81 (30.7 ± 8.9) | Qigong (1 h, twice per day, five or more days per week) | TAU | 2wk | (1) CES (2) STAI | (1) p > 0.05 (2) p > 0.05 |
Li et al.,2013 [49] | NRS, Yunnan, China | Females with drug dependence | Exp: 36 (30.7 ± 6.3) Con: 34 (30.7 ± 6.3) | Tai Chi (1 h, once every two days) | TAU | 24wk | HRSD | p = 0.243 |
Huang et al., 2015 [50] | NRS, Zhuhai, China | Individuals with dependence on heroin | Exp: 50 (35.26 ± 12.22) Con: 50 (35.21 ± 12.12) | Qigong (Baduanjin, 30 min, twice a day) | Medication | 20wk | SAS | p<0.05 |
Geng et al., 2016 [51] | NRS, Shanghai, China | Females with drug dependence | Exp: 30 (34 ± 7) Con: 30 (38 ± 5) | Tai Chi (24-form, 45 min, five sessions per week) | TAU | 12wk | SCL-90 | Depression: p > 0.05 Anxiety: p > 0.05 |
Fu et al., 2016 [52] | NRS, Anhui, China | Females with drug dependence | Exp: 100 (28.3 ± 7.83) Con: 100 (27.99 ± 8.17) | Qigong (Wuqinxi, 30 min, once per day) | No treatment | 20wk | (1) SAS (2) SDS | (1) p = 0.000 (2) p = 0.003 |
Zhu et al., 2018 [53] | RCT, Shanghai, China | Females with dependence on amphetamine-type stimulant | Exp: 37 (?? ±??) Con: 12 (?? ±??) | Tai Chi (24-form, 1 h, five sessions per week for the first 3 months, and three times per week for next 3 months) | TAU | 24wk | SDS | p>0.05 |