Fig. 4

Pao extract inhibited NFκB signaling pathway in BPH-1 and WPMY-1 cells. a Gene set enrichment analysis identified the association between the down-regulation in gene set of NFκB signaling pathway and Pao extract treatment using microarray data from vehicle- and Pao extract-treated BPH-1 and WPMY-1 cells. In the enrichment plot, genes were ranked by signal/noise ratio according to their differential expression between vehicle- and Pao extract-treated cells. b Pao extract decreased phosphorylation of NFκB p65/RelA subunit in BPH-1 and WPMY-1 cells. c Pao extract inhibited transcriptional activities of NFκB after BPH-1 and WPMY-1 cells were treated with Pao for 36 h and 40 h, respectively. d Pao extract down-regulated the mRNA levels of NFκB target genes, including CXCL5, CXCL6, CXCL12, HAS2, TNC, and MMP13 in BPH-1 and WPMY-1 cells by qRT-PCR. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, and ns p ≥ 0.05