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Fig. 4 | BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Fig. 4

From: The ameliorative effect of monotropein, astragalin, and spiraeoside on oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mitochondrial signaling pathway in varicocelized rats

Fig. 4

Schematic diagram showing molecular mechanism of varicocele-induced testicular dysfunction and its prevention by MAS. ER: Endoplasmic reticulum; ROS/RNS: Reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species; MDA: Malondialdehyde; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; GPx: Glutathione peroxidase; IL-6: Interleukin-6; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; GRP-78: Glucose-regulated protein-78; p-JNK: Phosphorylated c-Jun-N-terminal kinase; p-IRE1α: Phosphorylated Inositol-Requiring Transmembrane Kinase/Endoribonuclease 1α; JNK: C-jun-N-terminal kinase; Bax: BCL 2 associated X protein; Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2; StAR: Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein

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BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies

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