Fig. 5

Mito Stress Test Assay was used to determine the cellular mitochondrial function. (a) Seahorse XF Cell Mitro Stress Test profile illustrated the key parameters of mitochondrial function namely basal respiration, ATP production, proton leak, maximal respiration, and spare respiratory capacity. b OCR was measured in response to consecutive addition of oligomycin (Oligo) to inhibit adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase, the mitochondrial uncoupler carbonyl cyanide p-triflouromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP), and complex I and III inhibitors (rotenone and antimycin A (Rot/AA) respectively. c Treatment with DBB for 7 days markedly increased the basal OCR or basal metabolic rate (BMR), ATP-linked OCR, and maximum OCR, mitochondrial respiratory capacity (MRC), and reserve respiratory capacity (RRC). # denotes statistical significance (ANOVA P < 0.05) as compared to 0.5% DMSO for BMR, * denotes statistical significance (ANOVA P < 0.05) as compared to DMSO for MRC, and ** denotes statistical significance (ANOVA P < 0.05) as compared to DMSO for RRC