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Table 3 Annexin V/PI flow cytometry analysis of apoptosis occurrence in HeLa cells after GA treatment alone and after NAC pre-treatment (in %). The results are presented from 3 independent experiments. Significantly different, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 versus untreated cells (control); +P < 0.05, ++P < 0.01 versus GA

From: Oxidative stress mediated by gyrophoric acid from the lichen Umbilicaria hirsuta affected apoptosis and stress/survival pathways in HeLa cells

Treatment

Time (h)

An−/PI−

Live cells

An+/PI−

Early apoptotic

An+/PI+

Late apoptotic and death

Control

24

90.90 ± 0.65

2.50 ± 0.16

6.57 ± 0.42

48

89.60 ± 1.11

2.60 ± 0.59

7.79 ± 1.23

72

89.50 ± 1.99

3.17 ± 0.60

7.32 ± 0.81

NAC

24

89.10 ± 1.66

3.50 ± 0.44

7.35 ± 0,66

48

92.30 ± 1.82

1.88 ± 0.33

5.77 ± 0.28

72

94.80 ± 1.43

1.68 ± 0.19

3.56 ± 0.37

GA

24

52.80 ± 2.45**

22.70 ± 1.00**

24.53 ± 3.29*

48

30.30 ± 2.99***

31.30 ± 2.66**

38.40 ± 2.45**

72

28.40 ± 1.75***

21.80 ± 2.12**

49.78 ± 3.33***

NAC/GA

24

72.90 ± 1.77*,++

16.00 ± 0.90*,+

11.11 ± 1.71*,+

48

68.30 ± 2.20**,++

13.60 ± 1.59*,+

18.14 ± 1.54*,++

72

67.40 ± 3.19**,++

11.30 ± 0.69*,+

21.25 ± 2.34*,++