Oxidative stress mediated by gyrophoric acid from the lichen Umbilicaria hirsuta affected apoptosis and stress/survival pathways in HeLa cells

Table 2 Flow cytometric analysis of cell cycle distribution in HeLa cells treated with GA (in %). The results are presented from 3 independent experiments as mean ± SD; significantly different, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 versus untreated cells (control); ⁺ P < 0.05 versus GA. Sub-G0/G1 fraction of cells identified as apoptotic population

Treatment	Time (h)	sub-G₀/G₁	G₀/G₁	S	G₂/M
Control	24	1.50 ± 0.33	57.70 ± 1.54	20.80 ± 1.35	20.00 ± 1.11
	48	1.80 ± 0.71	64.40 ± 1.88	17.40 ± 0.89	16.30 ± 0.61
	72	2.80 ± 0.25	69.20 ± 1.77	14.50 ± 1.20	13.60 ± 0.55
NAC	24	2.90 ± 1.10	58.90 ± 1.41	18.80 ± 0.99	19.40 ± 1.22
	48	3.10 ± 0.77	67.50 ± 2.32	13.80 ± 0.57	15.60 ± 0.88
	72	2.70 ± 0.43	70.40 ± 1.19	12.40 ± 0.66	14.50 ± 0.67
GA	24	8.00 ± 1.30^*	50.00 ± 2.11^*	20.00 ± 1.23	22.00 ± 1.19
	48	16.20 ± 1.20^**	46.50 ± 2.75^**	18.50 ± 1.70	18.90 ± 1.44
	72	20.90 ± 1.55^**	47.90 ± 1.35^**	16.50 ± 1.79	14.80 ± 1.30
NAC/GA	24	4.60 ± 0.21	60.70 ± 1.14⁺	18.20 ± 0.73	16.50 ± 1.13
	48	7.30 ± 0.76^*,+	60.90 ± 2.10⁺	14.30 ± 1.30	17.50 ± 1.90
	72	5.50 ± 1.25⁺	60.70 ± 1.93^*,+	15.60 ± 0.56	18.20 ± 0.33

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