Table 3 Adjusted odds ratios for HS use in Dubai, 2015 (n = 1203)

 Male

1

 Female

3.26 (2.26–4.70)**

 Emirati

0.55 (0.30–1.00)*

 Middle East/North Africa

0.66 (0.39–1.12)

 South Asia

0.51 (0.28–0.93)*

 East Asia/Pacific/Central Asia/Europe

1.16 (0.53–2.52)

 Africa

0.50 (0.21–1.22)

 Latin America/Caribbean/Western Europe/North America/Australia

1

 AED < 5000 (~USD < 1300)

1

 AED 5000- < 10000 (~USD 1300- < 2700)

1.18 (0.71–1.98)

 AED 10000–20000 (~USD 2700–5450)

1.83 (0.98–3.41)

 AED > 20000 (~USD > 5450)

2.41 (1.20–4.83)*

 Yes

1.75 (1.14–2.66)*

 No

1

 Non-smoker

1

 Past smoker

2.39 (1.27–4.48)**

 Current occasional smoker

0.85 (0.52–1.36)

 Current regular smoker

0.93 (0.64–1.36)

 Did not visit doctor in last 12 months

1

 Less than monthly

1.37 (0.96–1.94)

 1–3 times a month/At least once a week

1.86 (1.02–3.39)*

 Yes

1.47 (1.04–2.06)*

 No

1

 Yes

3.91 (2.26–6.76)**

 No

1