Growth environment and organ specific variation in in-vitro cytoprotective activities of Picea mariana in PC12 cells exposed to glucose toxicity: a plant used for treatment of diabetes symptoms by the Cree of Eeyou Istchee (Quebec, Canada)

Table 1 Bioactivity of Picea mariana needle extracts in PC12-AC grown in hyperglycemic media

Extract ID^a	Bioactivity in hyperglycemic media^b
1FN	Cytoprotective
1BN	None
2FN	None
2BN	None
3FN	None
3BN	None
4FN	None
4BN	None
5FN	None
5BN	None
6FN	Cytoprotective
6BN	Cytoprotective
7FN	None
7BN	Cytoprotective
8FN	Mitogenic
8BN	Mitogenic
9FN	None
9BN	Cytoprotective
10FN	Cytoprotective
10BN	None
11FN	None
11BN	None
13FN	None
13BN	None
14FN	None
14BN	None
15FN	None
15BN	None
16FN	Cytoprotective
16BN	None
17FN	Cytoprotective
17BN	Cytoprotective
18FN	Cytoprotective
18BN	Cytoprotective
19FN	None
19BN	Cytoprotective
20FN	None
20BN	None
21FN	Cytoprotective
21BN	None

^aThe extract ID code defines the growth environment (Area#1–21, Fig. 1), habitat (B Bog or F forest) and organ (N needle). For example, 1FN is an extract prepared from needles collected in a forest habitat at location #1. Populations are listed in ascending order from coastal west (1) to inland east (21) with forest (F) and bog (B) populations next to one another for comparison
^bBioactivity was classified comparing a 96 h treatment in hyperglycemic (150 mM) serum-free media. Viable cell number following extract treatment was established using the WST-1 assay compared to standard curves of known cell number. Vehicle control was 0.1% DMSO. Extracts that at two or more concentrations increased viable cell number to values significantly higher than the normoglucose controls (> 100%) were classified as mitogenic, those which significantly protected cells from high glucose toxicity without apparent mitogenic activity were classified as cytoprotective, and those which enhanced glucotoxicity were classified as cytotoxic. Statistics were ANOVA, post-hoc Tukey tested vs. vehicle-treated cultures in normo- or high glucose media. All concentration-response data and statistical analyses are presented in Additional file 1: Figure S1

ISSN: 2662-7671