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Table 1 Effects of esculeoside A on the biochemical parameters and liver index of db/db mice

From: Hypoglycemic effects of esculeoside A are mediated via activation of AMPK and upregulation of IRS-1

Item

Db/dm mice

Untreated db/db mice

Treated db/db mice

Serum

 TC (mmol/L)

3.32 ± 0.22

7.05 ± 0.38a

6.86 ± 0.87a

 TG (mmol/L)

0.96 ± 0.08

1.26 ± 0.19a

1.20 ± 0.25a

 INS (mIU/L)

9.0 ± 0.9

70.1 ± 9.5a

64.2 ± 12.1a

 ALT (U/L)

24.3 ± 1.9

59.2 ± 4.8a

61.3 ± 7.2a

 AST (U/L)

49.5 ± 3.1

88.8 ± 7.2a

81.5 ± 9.8a

 TNF-α (ng/L)

95.3 ± 9.8

390.6 ± 23.8a

355.1 ± 19.5b

 IL-6 (ng/L)

33.5 ± 3.6

150.5 ± 14.8a

123.8 ± 19.2a

 IL-1β (ng/L)

6.5 ± 0.7

11.8 ± 1.5a

8.5 ± 1.9a

Liver

 Liver index (mg/g)

49.58 ± 1.14

57.25 ± 1.57a

50.98 ± 1.98b

 TC (mg/mg prot)

0.16 ± 0.02

0.31 ± 0.04a

0.33 ± 0.05a

 TG (mg//mg prot)

1.67 ± 0.25

5.68 ± 0.61a

5.46 ± 0.92a

 TNF-α (pg/mg prot)

2.38 ± 0.35

4.71 ± 0.49a

2.96 ± 0.28b

 IL-6 (pg/mg prot)

3.12 ± 0.35

12.15 ± 0.78a

10.96 ± 1.02a

 IL-1β (pg/mg prot)

0.77 ± 0.09

2.07 ± 0.22a

1.68 ± 0.21a

 SOD (U/mg prot)

4.61 ± 0.39

4.35 ± 0.42

4.26 ± 0.48

 MDA(nmol/mg prot)

2.67 ± 0.31

4.32 ± 0.35a

3.11 ± 0.31b

  1. The results are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 8 per group). Values having different superscripts are significantly different, P < 0.05, one-way ANOVA test. aStatistical difference compared to the db/dm mice, bCompared to the untreated db/db mice