Neutralization of cholera toxin by Rosaceae family plant extracts

Table 1 Stages of V. cholerae infection

Stage/Action^a	Test methods	Active plant extracts	reference
1. Initial anchoring	Anti-adherence Anti-invasion	Aegle marmelos	[10]
2. Stress induction	Luminescent assay	Several plant extracts, including Rosmarinus officinalis	[11]
3. Bacteriostatic	Various	Various	e.g. [10, 12,13,14]
4. Bacteriocidal	Various	Various	e.g. [10, 12,13,14]
5. Quorum sensing	Native bioluminescence	Small molecule screen	[15]
6. CTX expression and secretion	rtPCR ELISA of Cell free culture supernatant	Capsaicin Several plants	[16] [17]
7. CTX disassembly	PAGE	(−)-Epicatechin from *Chiranthodendron pentadactylon*	[19]
8. CTX aggregation	Centrifugation, PAGE	Plant derived polyphenols	[18]
9. Inhibition of GM₁ binding	GM ₁ ELISA	Screening of 297 Chinese herbs	[19]
10. Intracellular trafficking	Biotinlabeled CTX based assay	Resveratrol - found in red grapes, berries and peanuts	[20]
11. CTA inhibitor
12. Channel blocker	Patch clamp	Mixture including agarwood and clove	[21]
99. Taste^b	Patient based	apple	[22]

^aThe stages can be grouped based on bacterial target (normal text), extracellular toxin target (bold) and human cell target (italics)
^bThe taste of ORT might be an important factor for the treatment of under-fives

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