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Table 4 Effect of the red wine phenolic extract (ProvinolsTM), rich in anthocyanins, and the oenological extract from grape seeds (Vitaflavan®) on the live/dead cell ratio (i.e. the area occupied by living cells divided by the area occupied by dead cells) of the whole biofilm obtained by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM). PBS: phosphate buffer saline, DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide

From: Antimicrobial activity of red wine and oenological extracts against periodontal pathogens in a validated oral biofilm model

Exposure time

Chemical treatment

Mean Difference (I-J)

Std. Error

Sig.a

95% Confidence Interval for Differencea

Lower Bound

Upper Bound

30 s

PBS

4% DMSO

0.250

0.256

1.000

-0.520

1.020

Wine extract

0.353

0.256

1.000

-0.416

1.123

Grape seeds extract

-0.130

0.256

1.000

-0.900

0.640

4% DMSO

PBS

-0.250

0.256

1.000

-1.020

0.520

Wine extract

0.103

0.256

1.000

-0.666

0.873

Grape seeds extract

-0.380

0.256

0.941

-1.150

0.390

Wine extract

PBS

-0.353

0.256

1.000

-1.123

0.416

4% DMSO

-0.103

0.256

1.000

-0.873

0.666

Grape seeds extract

-0.483

0.256

0.463

-1.253

0.286

Grape seeds extract

PBS

0.130

0.256

1.000

-0.640

0.900

4% DMSO

0.380

0.256

0.941

-0.390

1.150

Wine extract

0.483

0.256

0.463

-0.286

1.253

1 min

PBS

4% DMSO

0.030

0.256

1.000

-0.740

0.800

Wine extract

-0.110

0.256

1.000

-0.880

0.660

Grape seeds extract

-0.197

0.256

1.000

-0.966

0.573

4% DMSO

PBS

-0.030

0.256

1.000

-0.800

0.740

Wine extract

-0.140

0.256

1.000

-0.910

0.630

Grape seeds extract

-0.227

0.256

1.000

-0.996

0.543

Wine extract

PBS

0.110

0.256

1.000

-0.660

0.880

4% DMSO

0.140

0.256

1.000

-0.630

0.910

Grape seeds extract

-0.087

0.256

1.000

-0.856

0.683

Grape seeds extract

PBS

0.197

0.256

1.000

-0.573

0.966

4% DMSO

0.227

0.256

1.000

-0.543

0.996

Wine extract

0.087

0.256

1.000

-0.683

0.856

  1. Based on estimated marginal means
  2. aAdjustment for multiple comparisons: Bonferroni