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Table 1 Effect of red wine and dealcoholized red wine on the number of viable bacteria in the in vitro multi-species biofilm [colony forming units, CFU mL− 1, obtained by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)]. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). PBS: phosphate buffer saline, EtOH: ethanol

From: Antimicrobial activity of red wine and oenological extracts against periodontal pathogens in a validated oral biofilm model

 

Exposure time (min)

Viable CFU mL-1 [mean (SD)] in the biofilm

Treatment with PBS

Treatment with the corresponding antimicrobial agent

Red wine

Dealcoholized red wine

12% EtOH

A. actinomycetemcomitans

1

1.9x106 (7.6x105)

1.8x106 (6.5x105)

1.9x106 (1.2x106)

8.9x105 (5.6x105)

5

2.0x106 (2.0x106)

7.7x105 (5.1x105)*†

5.1x105 (4.5x105)*†

1.1x106 (8.6x105)

P. gingivalis

1

1.5x105 (1.3x105)

3.4x104 (3.5x104)*

5.9x104 (5.1x104)

1.2x105 (1.4x105)

5

4.2x104 (3.3x104)

5.2x103 (3.2x103)

5.3x103 (5.6x103)

3.9x104 (1.4x104)

F. nucleatum

1

1.4x105 (7.1x104)

1.1x105 (9.1x104)

1.2x105 (1.0x105)

8.1x104 (8.5x104)

5

9.2x104 (9.5x104)

3.4x104 (3.1x104)

1.9x104 (1.6x104)

6.5x104 (5.6x104)

Total bacteria

1

8.2x106 (4.2x106)

3.7x106 (2.7x106)

3.3x106 (2.7x106)

5.9x106 (7.9x106)

5

7.2x106 (3.1x106)

3.9x106 (7.2x106)

4.0x106 (3.1x106)

3.0x106 (1.9x106)

  1. *p < 0.05, significant differences when compared viable CFU mL-1 to control biofilms (exposed to PBS)
  2. p < 0.05, significant differences when comparing exposure times for an antimicrobial agent