Fig. 2

Maximum projection of Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) images of 72 h biofilms, growth over hydroxyapatite surfaces, stained with LIVE/DEAD^® BacLight™ Bacterial Viability Kit, after exposure to: (a, b) negative control 30 s and 1 min, respectively (phosphate buffer saline, PBS); (c, d) 4% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution 30 s and 1 min, respectively; (e, f) wine extract 30 s and 1 min, respectively (Provinols™, 20 g L^− 1); and (g, h) grape seed extract (Vitaflavan^®, 20 g L^− 1). Scale bar = 20 μm