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Table 10 Combination of at least three relaxation techniques included studies

From: Mind-body practices for people living with HIV: a systematic scoping review

Project identifier

Design

Sample size

Intervention/duration

Outcome/time

[85] USA

case series (one group pretest-post-test

design)

2 SMT

13 stress management training, progressive relaxation, autogenic training, and/or guided imagery augmented with biofeedback i.s. of 1 h30 + relaxation home practice /13 weeks

Post-int

↓ anxiety

↓ physiological stress symptoms

[86] USA

case series (one group pretest-post-test

design)

3 B/AB/

PMR/GI

8 biofeedback of abdominal breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, guided imagery i.s. of 1 h30 + relaxation home practice /8 weeks

Post-int

↓ symptom severity

↓ stress

↓ mood disturbance

[87] USA

untreated control group with pretest and post-test design

1 B/PMR/AT

20 biofeedback, progressive muscle relaxation, autogenic phrases i.s. of 1 h + daily relaxation home practice /10 weeks

Post-int

↓ muscle tension

↓ stress

↑ lymphocyte immune system functioning

1 CG

usual care

[88] USA

untreated control group with pretest and post-test design

30 SMT

6 cognitive restructuring, active coping skills, progressive muscle relaxation, yoga form, thematic imagery, meditation g.s. of 1 h + daily home practice /6 weeks

Post-int

↑ well being

15 CG

usual care

[89, 135] USA

untreated control group with pretest and post-test design

60 CBT

12 pain management, cognitive reconceptualization, restructuring, diversion and behavioral activation, problem solving, progressive muscle relaxation, guided imagery and breathing g.s. of 1 h30 /12 weeks

Post-int & 6 months

↓ pain

30 CG

usual care

[90, 136] USA

untreated control group with pretest and post-test design

196 RES led

10 CBSM+ g.s. of 2 h + 6 healthy life styles (adherence, nutrition, physical activity, sexual risk and alcohol and drug use) g.s of 2 h by research staff /16 weeks

Post-int

To RES-led and CHC-led:

↑ nutrition

↑ physical activity

↓ sexual intercourse

↓ tobacco use

168 CHC led

10 CBSM+ g.s. of 2 h + 6 healthy life styles (adherence, nutrition, physical activity, sexual risk and alcohol and drug use) g.s of 2 h by community health center /16 weeks

64 obs

only observation

[91] USA

RCT

13 B/AT/

GI/H

8 thermal biofeedback, autogenic training, guided imagery, hypnosis g.s. of 1 h30 + daily home practice /8 weeks

Post-int

↓ symptoms

↑ vigor

↑ hardiness

13 WL

wait list

[92] USA

RCT

N = 10

? BSM

20 progressive muscle relaxation, biofeedback assisted relaxation, self-hypnosis, meditation i.s. of 1 h + home practice /10 weeks

Post-int

↓ anxiety

↓ mood disturbance

↑ T cell count

↑ self-esteem

? CG

usual care

[93, 137,138,139,140] USA

RCT

22 CBSM

10 stress and emotion, rational thought replacement, coping skills, assertiveness training, anger management, identification social support, relaxation techniques (progressive muscle relaxation, autogenic training, meditation, breathing exercise), g.s. of 2 h15 + twice daily relaxation home practice /10 weeks

Post-int

↓ dysphoria

↓ anxiety

↓ HSV-2 antibody titers

↑ coping skills

↑ social support

18 CG

usual care

[94, 141] USA

Pilot RCT + QA

34 PSMP

7 symptoms, medication, communication with caregivers, cognitive-behavioral strategies, muscle relaxation, guided imagery, visualization, prayer or meditation g.s. of 2 h30 + homework /7 weeks

Post-int

↑ self-efficacy

↓ symptoms

37 CG

usual care

[95] USA

RCT

18 RT

7 breathing, autogenic relaxation, progressive muscle relaxation, imagery techniques s. of 2 h and 15 min + daily home practice /12 week

Post-int

↑ health behavior

↑ CD4+ cells

↓ viral load

11 WL

wait list

[96] USA

RCT

8 Massage

12 massage i.s. of 45 min / 12 weeks

Post-int

To massage + ex and massage + REL

↓ medical care utilization

To massage + REL

↑ health perceptions

8 Massage

+EX

12 massage i.s. of 45 min + 12 aerobic exercise i.s. of 20 min + 12 aerobic exercise i.s. of 45 min /12 weeks

8 Massage + REL

12 massage i.s. of 45 min + 12 biofeedback, diaphragmatic breathing and autogenic relaxation i.s. of 45 min

7 CG

usual care

[97] USA

RCT

20 SM

14 cognitive behavioral management skills, anxiety, anger and depression management, coping skills, abdominal breathing, progressive muscle relaxation and autogenic training i.s. of 90 min /7 weeks

Post-int

↓ mood disturbance (anger, confusion, tension, depression and fatigue)

↑ coping

↑ health perceptions

20 WL

usual care

[98, 142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150] Dissertation USA

RCT

62 CBSM

10 stress and emotion, cognitive restructuring, coping skills, assertiveness training, anger management, identification and using social support, relaxation techniques (progressive muscle relaxation, imagery, autogenic training, meditation, breathing exercise) g.s. of 2 h15 + twice daily relaxation home practice /10 weeks

Post-int

↓ depression

↓ mood disturbance

↓ dysfunctional attitudes

↓ stress

↓ norepinephrine

↓ cortisol

↑ coping strategies

↑ free testosterone

↑ social support

38 WL

wait list

[99] USA

RCT

59 CBSM

8 cognitive restructuring techniques, active coping skills, breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, yoga form stretching, guided imagery g.s. of 1 h30 + daily relaxation practice /8 weeks

Post-int

To CBSM:

↑ quality of life (emotional well-being)

43 SSG

36 WL

8 emotional communication, problem solving, cognitive reframing, and empowerment g.s. of 1 h30 /8 weeks

[100, 151] USA

RCT

76 CBSM

+MAT

10 stress management and relaxation practice (progressive muscle relaxation, imagery, autogenic training, meditation, breathing exercise) g.s. of 2 h15 + twice daily relaxation home practice /10 weeks and 3 adherence information i.s. /9 month

Post-int & 15 months

↓ depressed mood

↓ denial coping

↓ viral load

54 MAT

3 i.s of information adherence/ 9 month

[101, 152] USA

RCT

58 AC + RR

12 acupuncture and relaxation techniques (breathing, mental repetition, autogenic, guided body scan, visualization and guided imagery) i.s. of 45 to 60 min + twice daily relaxation home practice /12 weeks

Post-int

↑ QoL

61 AC

12 acupuncture and soft music i.s. of 45 to 60 min

[102, 153] USA

RCT

44 CBSM

10 stress management and relaxation practice g.s. of 2 h15 relaxation techniques (progressive muscle relaxation, imagery, autogenic training, meditation, breathing exercise) + twice daily relaxation home practice /10 weeks

Post-int & 9 months

↑ affect

↑ social support

↓ stress

↓ cervical neoplasia

26 WL

wait list

[103, 154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161] USA

RCT

212 CBSM+

10 CBSM g.s. of 2 h (stress and emotions, coping skills, assertiveness training, anger management, social support, progressive muscle relaxation, diaphragmatic breathing, guided imagery) + relaxation home practice/ 10 weeks

Post-int & 6 and 12 months

↑ self-efficacy

↑ QoL

↑ cognitive functioning

↓ depression & anxiety by women who

239 III

10 information intervention with videotape i.s. of 2 h/ 10 weeks

[104] USA

RCT

31 AC + RR

12 acupuncture and relaxation techniques (breathing, mental repetition, autogenic self-hypnosis, guided body scan, visualization and guided imagery) i.s of 30 min + relaxation home practice /8 week

Post-int

↓ symptoms (loose stools, diarrhoea, gas/bloating)

(The interventions of acupuncture and the RR were more effective when used in combination than when used alone)

27 AC + HE

12 acupuncture and management of HIV symptoms information i.s of 30 min /8 weeks

27 SAC + RR

12 sham acupuncture and and relaxation techniques (breathing, mental repetition, autogenic self-hyponis, guided body scan, visualization and guided imagery) i.s. of 30 min + relaxation home practice /8 week

30 SAC + HE

12 sham acupuncture and management of HIV symptoms `information i.s. of 30 min /8 weeks

  1. STM Stress management training, i.s individual sessions, Post-int post intervention, B/AB/PMR/GI biofeedback of abdominal breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, guided imagery, B/PMR/AT biofeedback, progressive muscle relaxation and autogenic training, SMT stress management training, CG control group, g.s group sessions, CBT cognitive-behavioral therapy, RES led research led, CHC-led community health center led, obs observation only group, B/AT/GI/H biofeedback, autogenic training, guided imagery and hypnosis, WL wait list, BSM behavioral stress management, CBSM cognitive stress management training, QA qualitative approach, PSMP positive self-management program, RT relaxation training, massage + EX massage and aerobic exercise, massage + REL massage and relaxation, SM stress management, SSG social support group, CBSM+MAT cognitive behavioral stress management and medication adherence training, MAT medication adherence training, AC acupuncture, RR relaxation, HE health education, SAC sham acupuncture