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Table 4 The changes of serum irisin, glucose indices, and lipids in overweight or obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

From: Green cardamom supplementation improves serum irisin, glucose indices, and lipid profiles in overweight or obese non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial

Variables

Supplement

Baseline Mean [SD]

End Mean [SD]

P-value$

Mean Changes (95% CI)

P-value# (time by treatment interaction)

FBS (mg/dl)*

Cardamom (n = 43)

93.3 (7.6)

92.7 (6.7)

0.5

−0.6 (−1.0, −0.1)

0.1 0.2

Placebo (n = 44)

91.5 (7.9)

92.2 (7.8)

0.09

0.7 (0.1, 1.2)

FBI (μIU/ml)

Cardamom (n = 43)

8.1 (0.6)

5.4 (0.9)

< 0.001

−2.7 (−2.75, −2.64)

< 0.001

< 0.001

Placebo (n = 44)

7.9 (0.9)

7.5 (1.2)

< 0.001

− 0.4 (− 0.46, − 0.33)

HOMA-IR

Cardamom (n = 43)

1.8 (0.1)

1.2 (0.2)

< 0.001

−0.6 (− 0.61, − 0.59)

< 0.001

< 0.001

Placebo (n = 44)

1.79 (0.2)

1.72 (0.3)

0.001

−0.07 (− 0.08, − 0.05)

QUICKI^

Cardamom (n = 43)

0.347 (0.005)

0.371 (0.012)

< 0.001

0.024 (0.0246, 0.0233)

< 0.001

< 0.001

Placebo (n = 44)

0.350 (0.008)

0.352 (0.010)

0.001

0.002 (0.0025, 0.0014)

TC (mg/dl)

Cardamom (n = 43)

204.5 (25.0)

198.7 (25.2)

0.01

−5.8 (−7.4, −4.1)

0.1

0.2

Placebo (n = 44)

205.0 (26.7)

204.7 (26.2)

0.9

−0.3 (−2.0, 1.4)

TG (mg/dl)

Cardamom (n = 43)

170.2 (77.4)

134.5 (54.9)

< 0.001

−35.7 (−40.1, −31.2)

0.005

0.01

Placebo (n = 44)

178.0 (74.7)

168.3 (69.0)

0.057

−9.7 (−14.3, − 5.0)

LDL-c (mg/dl)

Cardamom (n = 43)

125.1 (26.3)

121.1 (24.2)

0.01

−4 (−5.6, −2.3)

0.01

0.07

Placebo (n = 44)

124.4 (21.7)

126.3 (23.3)

0.3

1.9 (0.4, 3.3)

HDL-c (mg/dl)

Cardamom (n = 43)

44.7 (9.7)

53.1 (10.3)

< 0.001

8.4 (7.7, 9.0)

< 0.001

< 0.001

Placebo (n = 44)

45.3 (8.7)

45.7 (8.4)

0.4

0.4 (−0.1, 0.9)

Irisin (ng/ml)Φ

Cardamom (n = 43)

25.3(2.9)

34.4 (4.3)

< 0.001

9.1 (8.8, 9.3)

< 0.001

< 0.001

Placebo (n = 44)

25.2 (2.2)

26.2 (2.8)

< 0.001

1.0 (0.8, 1.1)

  1. *Transformed by square root; ^Cubical Inversely transformed; ΦSquare Inversely transformed; $Paired t-test; #Two way repeated measures-ANOVA (TWRM-ANOVA), top row P-value: unadjusted; bottom row P-value: adjusted for vitamins E and B6 dietary intake
  2. HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance, QUICKI quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, FBS fasting blood sugar, FBI fasting blood insulin, TC total cholesterol, TG triglyceride, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol