Propolis improves pregnancy outcomes and placental oxidative stress status in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Table 3 Effects of administration of propolis on implantation loss and number of foetus of pregnant streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Groups	Pre-implantation Loss (%)	Post-implantation Loss (%)	Number of foetus (n)
Non-DM	9.82 (7.80)	8.85 (5.78)	12.50 (1.69)
DM	38.69 (18.93)^a	42.14 (21.55)^a	5.25 (2.82)^a
DM + Propolis	21.44 (12.53)	11.50 (7.82)^b	9.75 (2.61)^b
DM + Insulin	19.87 (7.52)^b	14.45 (16.05)^b	9.13 (1.81)^b
DM + Combined	19.88 (10.36)^b	14.57 (17.38)^b	9.13 (3.87)^b

Data are presented as mean (standard deviation), (n = 8 per group). DM: diabetes mellitus, Combined: Propolis and insulin. ^aP < 0.05 compared with non-DM group, ^bP < 0.05 compared with DM group (ANOVA followed by Turkey-Kramer post-hoc test)

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