Fig. 2

(a) Cytotoxicity and (b) NO production levels in FD-exposed RAW 264.7 cells. (c) Cytoprotective and (d) NO inhibitory effect of SHE in FD-exposed RAW 264.7 cells. RAW 264.7 cells seeded after 24 h treatment with SHE (62.5–125 μg mL^− 1), incubation for 1 h, and co-treatment with culture medium and LPS (0.5 μg mL^− 1) or FD (15.6–250 μg mL^− 1). Triplicate experiments were used to evaluate the data, and the mean value is expressed as ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, in comparison to the respective control (ANOVA, Duncan’s multiple range test)