Fig. 2

ISAg treatment induced secretion of immuno-stimulatory cytokines from macrophages. a–c RAW264.7 cells were treated with LPS or indicated concentrations of ISAg. Gene expression levels of (a) IL-6, (b) IL-1β, and (c) TNF-α relative to GAPDH were compared using qRT-PCR. d–f The levels of each protein secreted in the culture medium were quantified using an ELISA kit. The mean ± standard deviation values are presented (n = 3 per group; Student’s t-test; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01)