In vitro antioxidant models | |||||||||||
 |  | TAC (mg Asc eq/ g extract) | Effect | NO scavenging activity (IC50, μg/mL) | Effect | DPPH scavenging activity (IC50, μg/mL) | Effect | Reducing power (IC50, μg/mL) | Effect | Superoxide scavenging activity (IC50, μg/mL) | Effect |
GLE-CVE | OV | 301.00 ± 1.00 a | Sy | 46.12 ± 2.92 a | Sy | 29.48 ± 1.45 a | Sy | 103.47 ± 2.04 a | An | 30.01 ± 3.45 a | Sy |
EV | 38.83 ± 2.16b | 1111.02 ± 128.75b | 169.29 ± 9.36b | 71.98 ± 1.99b |  | 660.73 ± 14.92b | |||||
 | Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (IC50, μg/mL) | Effect | Anti-Lipid peroxidation activity (IC50, μg/mL) | Effect | |||||||
OV | 131.6 ± 5.42 a | Sy | 54.15 ± 2.45 a | Ad | |||||||
EV | 213.18 ± 2.13b | 51.49 ± 0.96a | |||||||||
Inflammatory mediators | |||||||||||
 |  | NO (nmol/mL) | Effect | iNOS (Expression) | Effect | COX-2 (Expression) | Effect | NF-кB (Expression) | Effect | TNF-α (mmol/mL) | Effect |
GLE-CVE | OV | 39.26 ± 4.37 a | Sy | 0.146 ± 0.006 a | Sy | 0.056 ± 0.001 a | Sy | 0.49 ± 0.015 a | Sy | 242.88 ± 18.5 a | Sy |
EV | 52.08 ± 1.08b | 1.29 ± 0.29b | 0.18 ± 0.002b | 0.85 ± 0.038b | 422.04 ± 2.65b | ||||||
Oxidative stress parameters | |||||||||||
 |  | Lipid peroxidation (nmoL/mL) | Effect | GSH (nmoL/mL) | Effect | Superoxide dismutase (SOD, IU/mg protein) | Effect | Glutathione peroxidase (GPX, IU/mg protein) | Effect | Glutathione reductase (GR, IU/mg protein) | Effect |
GLE-CVE | OV | 7.29 ± 0.84 a | Sy | 0.59 ± 0.01 a | Sy | 0.66 ± 0.0002 a | Sy | 0.07 ± 0.001 a | Sy | 3.25 ± 0.06 a | Ad |
EV | 59.58 ± 1.62b | 0.48 ± 0.0002b | 0.63 ± 0.002b | 0.06 ± 0.0001b | 3.19 ± 0.02a |