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Table 2 Associations between exposure to Mwanamphepo during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes (Mixed-effects model, adjusted for clustering)

From: Associations between the use of herbal medicines and adverse pregnancy outcomes in rural Malawi: a secondary analysis of randomised controlled trial data

Outcome measures

Total n (%)

Non-exposed n (%)

Exposed n (%)

COR (95% CI) p-value

aAOR (95% CI) p-value

Maternal morbidity

 No (Rc)

6100 (74.2%)

4665 (76.4%)

1435 (67.9%)

  

 Yes

2119 (25.8%)

1441 (23.6%)

678 (32.1%)

1.21 (1.05–1.38) 0.006

1.28 (1.09–1.50) 0.002

Neonatal death or morbidity

 No (Rc)

3538 (43.1%)

2795 (45.8%)

744 (35.2%)

  

 Yes

4680 (56.9%)

3311 (54.2%)

1369 (64.8%)

1.30 (1.16–1.46) < 0.001

1.22 (1.06–1.40) 0.006

  1. COR Crude odds ratio, AOR Adjusted odds ratio, CI Confidence interval, Rc Reference category
  2. aAdjusted for attendance of antenatal clinic, attendance of postnatal clinic, place of delivery, number of antenatal visits, timing of the first antenatal visit (gestational age), age, marital status, tribe, occupation, wealth tertiles and religion