Characteristics | Total | No herbal remedies utilised | Utilised herbal remedies | COR (95% CI) p-value | aAOR (95% CI) p-value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % or m(SD) | n | % or m(SD) | n | % or m(SD) | |||
 | 8219 | 100% | 6106 | 74.3% | 2113 | 25.7% |  |  |
Age (years) | 7834 | 26.9 (6.7) | 5823 | 27.3 (6.7) | 2011 | 25.8 (6.7) | 0.96 (0.95–0.97) < 0.001 | 0.96 (0.95–0.98) < 0.001 |
Highest level of education | ||||||||
 None (Ref.) | 2440 | 29.7% | 1828 | 30.0% | 611 | 28.9% |  |  |
 Primary | 5313 | 64.7% | 3899 | 63.9% | 1414 | 67.0% | 1.06 (0.92–1.23) 0.439 | 0.95 (0.80–1.14) 0.601 |
 Secondary or higher | 457 | 5.6% | 370 | 6.1% | 87 | 4.1% | 0.68(0.50–0.93) 0.018 | 0.68 (0.47–0.99) 0.042 |
Marital status | ||||||||
 Currently married (Ref) | 6858 | 83.5% | 5205 | 85.3% | 1653 | 78.3% |  |  |
 Never married | 1012 | 12.3% | 646 | 10.6% | 366 | 17.3% | 1.80 (1.49–2.18) < 0.001 | 1.30 (0.93–1.82) 0.118 |
 Formerly marriedb | 343 | 4.2% | 250 | 4.1% | 93 | 4.4% | 1.21 (0.82–1.53) 0.474 | 1.10 (0.76–1.58) 0.615 |
Main occupation | ||||||||
 Farming (Ref) | 6993 | 85.2% | 5250 | 86.1% | 1743 | 82.6% |  |  |
 Salaried employee | 128 | 1.6% | 100 | 1.6% | 28 | 1.3% | 0.68 (0.40–1.15) 0.150 | 0.98 (0.53–1.81) 0.942 |
 Self employed | 210 | 2.5% | 178 | 2.9% | 32 | 1.5% | 0.57 (0.36–0.90) 0.016 | 0.75 (0.45–1.26) 0.281 |
 Student/no work | 878 | 10.7% | 570 | 9.4% | 308 | 14.6% | 1.73 (1.42–2.11) < 0.001 | 1.25 (0.88–1.77) 0.216 |
Wealth tertiles | ||||||||
 Lowest (Ref) | 2753 | 34.1% | 1967 | 32.6% | 786 | 38.3% |  |  |
 Middle | 2655 | 32.8% | 1962 | 32.5% | 693 | 33.7% | 0.91 (0.77–1.06) 0.216 | 0.97 (0.81–1.16) 0.759 |
 Highest | 2673 | 33.1% | 2099 | 34.8% | 574 | 28.0% | 0.68 (0.57–0.80) < 0.001 | 0.83 (0.69–0.99) 0.053 |
Religion | ||||||||
 Christian (Ref) | 7965 | 97.0% | 5920 | 97.1% | 2045 | 96.9% |  |  |
 Muslim and others | 244 | 3.0% | 179 | 2.9% | 65 | 3.1% | 0.78 (0.54–1.13) 0.185 | 1.07 (0.69–1.66) 0.768 |
Ethnicity | ||||||||
 Chewa (Ref) | 7886 | 96.1% | 5867 | 96.2% | 2019 | 95.7% |  |  |
 Ngoni | 199 | 2.4% | 135 | 2.2% | 64 | 3.0% | 1.11 (0.74–1.65) 0.615 | 0.98 (0.62–1.55) 0.925 |
 Others | 125 | 1.5% | 97 | 1.6% | 20 | 1.3% | 0.82 (0.48–1.41) 0.476 | 0.76 (0.39–1.45) 0.403 |
Attended antenatal clinic (ANC) | ||||||||
 No (Ref) | 337 | 4.1 | 269 | 4.4% | 68 | 3.2% |  |  |
 Yes | 7869 | 95.9 | 5826 | 95.6% | 2043 | 96.7% | 0.83 (0.59–1.17) 0.286 | 1.50 (0.35–6.35) 0.582 |
 Gestational age (month) at first ANC | 7572 | 5.8 (1.3) | 5617 | 5.8 (1.3) | 1995 | 5.7 (1.2) | 0.92 (0.92–1.03) 0.305 | 0.29 (0.90–1.03) 0.276 |
Unsuccessful last pregnancy | ||||||||
 No (Ref) | 6172 | 95.1% | 4731 | 95.5% | 1441 | 93.9% |  |  |
 Yes | 319 | 4.9% | 225 | 4.5% | 94 | 6.1% | 1.33 (1.13–1.54) 0.002 | 1.32 (1.12–1.54) 0.001 |
At least four ANC visits | ||||||||
 No (Ref) | 4982 | 65.8% | 3609 | 66.1% | 1274 | 65.2% |  |  |
 Yes | 2586 | 34.2% | 1905 | 33.9% | 689 | 34.8% | 0.97 (0.84–1.12) 0.687 | 0.97 (0.81–1.16) 0.731 |
Place of delivery | ||||||||
 Hospital/health facility (Ref) | 3662 | 46.2% | 3004 | 51.1% | 658 | 32.3% |  |  |
 Traditional birth attendants | 2191 | 27.7% | 1414 | 24.0% | 777 | 38.1% | 3.71 (3.07–4.47) < 0.001 | 3.65 (2.94–4.54) < 0.001 |
 Home/on the way to facility | 2068 | 26.1% | 1465 | 24.9% | 603 | 29.6% | 2.13 (1.79–2.59) < 0.001 | 2.31 (1.87–2.83) < 0.001 |
Received postnatal care | ||||||||
 No (Ref) | 4144 | 58.4% | 3024 | 57.9% | 1120 | 59.7% |  |  |
 Yes | 2953 | 41.6% | 2198 | 42.9% | 755 | 40.3% | 0.87 (0.75–1.01) 0.064 | 1.18 (1.00–1.39) 0.059 |