Table 2 Primary and secondary outcomes at week 4: group means and mean group differences with 95% confidence interval (CI), adjusted for respective baseline value
From: Pulsatile dry cupping in chronic low back pain – a randomized three-armed controlled clinical trial
Cupping (n = 33) | Minimal Cupping (n = 32) | Control (n = 31) | Control vs. Cupping | Control vs. Minimal Cupping | Minimal Cupping vs. Cupping | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean difference (95% CI) | p-value | Mean difference (95% CI) | p-value | Mean difference (95% CI) | p-value | |
VAS pain intensitya(primary outcome) | 34.9 (28.7;41.2) | 40.4 (34.2; 46.7) | 56.1 (49.8;62.4) | 21.2 (12.2;30.1) | < 0.001 | 15.7 (6.9;24.4) | 0.001 | 5.5 (−3.5; 14.5) | 0.225 |
FFbH-Rb | 76.0 (72.1;80.0) | 74.2 (70.2;78.2) | 70.2 (66.1;74.3) | -5.8 (−11.5;-0.1) | 0.045 | −4.0 (−9.7;1.7) | 0.171 | −1.8 (−7.5;3.8) | 0.517 |
SF-36b | |||||||||
Physical Component Summary | 43.8 (41.3;46.4) | 39.5 (37.0;42.1) | 38.2;(35.6;40.9) | −5.6 (−9.3;-2.0) | 0.003 | −1.3 (−5.0;2.4) | 0.478 | −4.3 (−7.9;-0.7) | 0.021 |
Mental Component Summary | 50.1 (47.0;53.2) | 47.1 (44.0;50.3) | 47.6 (44.4;50.8) | −2.5 (−6.9;2.0) | 0.270 | 0.5 (−4.0;5.0) | 0.820 | −3.0 (−7.4;1.4) | 0.179 |
SF-36 subscalesb | |||||||||
General health | 63.2 (58.8;67.6) | 55.2 (50.6;59.8) | 56.8 (52.2;61.4) | −6.4 (−12.7;0.02) | 0.051 | 1.7 (−4.9;8.2) | 0.617 | −8.0 (− 14.4;-1.6) | 0.015 |
Mental health | 70.8 (66.3;75.2) | 66.2 (61.7;70.8) | 65.8 (61.2;70.4) | −5.0 (− 11.4;1.5) | 0.128 | − 0.4 (−6.9;6.0) | 0.897 | −4.5 (−10.9;1.8) | 0.160 |
Bodily pain | 56.1 (50.8;61.4) | 48.9 (43.5;54.3) | 42.3 (36.9;47.8) | −13.7 (−21.4;-6.1) | 0.001 | −6.5 (− 14.2;1.1) | 0.093 | −7.2 (− 14.7;0.4) | 0.063 |
Physical functioning | 74.7 (68.4;81.0) | 69.3 (62.9;75.7) | 68.8 (62.3;75.2) | −6.0 (−15.0;3.1) | 0.192 | −0.6 (−9.7;8.6) | 0.905 | −5.4 (− 14.4;3.6) | 0.234 |
Role: Emotional | 79.3 (67.6;91.0) | 69.2 (57.3;81.1) | 70.1 (57.8;82.4) | −9.2 (−26.2;7.8) | 0.284 | 0.9 (−16.2;18.0) | 0.918 | −10.1 (−26.8;6.6) | 0.233 |
Role: Physical | 68.0 (56.4;79.6) | 48.6 (36.8;60.3) | 45.3 (33.3;57.2) | −22.7 (−39.4;-6.1) | 0.008 | −3.3 (− 20.1;13.5) | 0.699 | −19.4 (− 35.9;-3.0) | 0.021 |
Social functioning | 79.8 (73.1;86.5) | 69.1 (62.3;76.0) | 72.4 (65.5;79.3) | −7.4 (−17.0;2.2) | 0.131 | 3.3 (−6.5;13.0) | 0.510 | −10.6 (−20.2;-1.0) | 0.03 |
Vitality | 53.8 (49.4;58.2) | 46.5 (42.1;50.9) | 44.4 (39.9;48.9) | −9.3 (−15.6;-3.0) | 0.004 | −2.0 (−8.4;4.3) | 0.526 | −7.3 (−13.5;-1.1) | 0.022 |
Pain rescue medication (count of pills, Paracetamol) | 4.6 (−1.0;12.0) | 5.6 (−0.7;12.0) | 11.9 (6.7;17.1) | 7.3 (−0.4;15.0) | 0.063 | 6.3 (−2.0;14.5) | 0.133 | 1.0 (−7.5;9.5) | 0.814 |