South African medicinal plant extracts active against influenza A virus

Table 3 Log₁₀ HA titer from HA assay in combined treatments with virus compared to virus control group

	Treatment	Extract type	Log HA (mean ± SD)
			Co-pen	Pre-pen	Post-pen
Combined treatments	Pittosporum viridiflorum, 2	Cold water	1.51 ± 1.17	1.20 ± 0.93**	1.30 ± 1.02*
	Pittosporum viridiflorum, 3	Acetone	0.90 ± 0.97**	1.00 ± 1.12**	1.00 ± 0.82**
	Pittosporum viridiflorum, 4	30% ethanol	1.61 ± 1.24	0.60 ± 0.93**	0.60 ± 0.93**
	Pittosporum viridiflorum, 5	100% ethanol	0.90 ± 1.17**	1.00 ± 1.12**	1.00 ± 1.12**
	Pittosporum viridiflorum, 6	Methanol	1.51 ± 1.17	1.30 ± 1.02*	1.00 ± 0.78**
	Cussonia spicata, 9	Acetone	1.40 ± 1.09	1.30 ± 1.02*	1.51 ± 1.17
	Cussonia spicata, 11	100% ethanol	1.61 ± 1.24	1.81 ± 0.47	1.61 ± 1.24
	Cussonia spicata, 12	Methanol	1.61 ± 1.24	2.01 ± 0.41	1.61 ± 1.02
	Rapanea melanophloeos, 13	Methanol	0.00 ± 0.00**	0.60 ± 0.93**	0.30 ± 0.00**
	Tabernaemontana ventricosa, 14	Methanol	2.31 ± 0.16	2.21 ± 0.16	2.31 ± 0.16
	Clerodendrum glabrum, 15	Methanol	1.40 ± 0.78	1.91 ± 0.56	1.51 ± 1.17
	Amantadine hydrochloride	–	0.60 ± 0.93**	0.80 ± 0.82**	0.90 ± 0.97**
	Oseltamivir carboxylate	–	0.60 ± 0.93**	0.60 ± 0.93**	0.70 ± 1.09**
No extract treatment	Influenza virus	–	2.51 ± 0.31	2.51 ± 0.31	2.51 ± 0.31

Data presented as mean ± SD are averages of 3 independent HA titration. *, **: Significantly and highly significantly different from values obtained for extract-treated samples compared to virus inoculated untreated sample (P ≤ 0.05 & P ≤ 0.01) analyzed by SPSS, LSD post-hoc test

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