Fig. 5

Protective effect of SA-EE against glutamate-induced AIF nuclear translocation in HT22 cells. HT22 cells were exposed to 5 mM glutamate alone or glutamate in combination with 50 μg/mL SA-EE for 16 h prior to western blot analysis of nuclear and cytoplasmic AIF levels (a). Lamin B1 and β-actin served as endogenous loading controls for nuclear extracts and whole cell/cytoplasmic extracts, respectively. All data were normalized to endogenous control levels and are expressed as the mean ± SEM of at least three independent experiments. ^### P < 0.001 vs. control; ***P < 0.001 vs. glutamate alone. Representative images of the cells stained with antibody against AIF (red) were observed under confocal microscope during treatment. The cells were counterstained with DAPI (blue) to indicate nuclear location (b)