Skip to main content

Table 3 Multivariable logistic regression predicting meditation practices, exclusive use of one meditation style during the previous 12 months

From: Prevalence and patterns of use of mantra, mindfulness and spiritual meditation among adults in the United States

 

Mantra

Mindfulness

Spiritual

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

Demographics

Age

 18–24

Reference

  

 25–44

1.13 (0.38, 3.39)

0.70 (0.34, 1.42)

1.19 (0.69, 2.08)

 45–64

1.47 (0.47, 4.59)

0.76 (0.36, 1.62)

1.31 (0.74, 2.32)

 65 or above

0.76 (0.18, 3.16)

0.19 (0.05, 0.71)*

1.10 (0.53, 2.26)

Gender

 Male

Reference

  

 Female

1.11 (0.64, 1.92)

1.17 (0.63, 2.16)

1.54 (1.15, 2.06)**

Race1

 White

Reference

  

 Black

0.37 (0.12, 1.17)

0.51 (0.22, 1.22)

0.91 (0.64, 1.30)

 Asian

0.85 (0.36, 2.01)

0.51 (0.23, 1.11)

0.62 (0.38, 1.01)

 AIAN/multiple race

0.37 (0.05, 3.04)

2.01 (0.75, 5.33)

1.09 (0.52, 2.30)

Ethnicity

 Hispanic

Reference

  

 Non-Hispanic

0.66 (0.28, 1.52)

0.62 (0.30, 1.25)

0.95 (0.62, 1.46)

Education

 Less than 12 years

Reference

  

 High school

0.52 (0.16, 1.73)

1.91 (0.47, 7.78)

2.08 (1.07, 4.05)*

 Some college

1.49 (0.51, 4.35)

2.98 (0.75, 11.82)

3.85 (2.02, 7.32)***

 College graduate

2.04 (0.71, 5.88)

6.61 (1.70, 25.74)**

5.52 (2.91, 10.47)***

Marital status

 Never married

Reference

  

 Married

0.71 (0.36, 1.39)

0.86 (0.49, 1.52)

0.68 (0.48, 0.94)*

 Cohabitating

0.54 (0.22, 1.34)

0.65 (0.27, 1.53)

0.71 (0.40, 1.27)

 Divorced/separated

0.40 (0.18, 0.86)*

0.92 (0.49, 1.74)

0.93 (0.66, 1.32)

 Widowed

0.42 (0.13, 1.36)

1.38 (0.44, 4.40)

0.44 (0.24, 0.80)**

Family income

 $0–$34,999

Reference

  

 $35,000–54,999

0.71 (0.42, 1.22)

1.15 (0.61, 2.18)

1.08 (0.80, 1.44)

 $75,000 or more

0.55 (0.24, 1.24)

1.19 (0.55, 2.56)

1.12 (0.78, 1.59)

Region

 Northeast

Reference

  

 Midwest

0.58 (0.27, 1.26)

0.86 (0.46, 1.60)

1.06 (0.72, 1.54)

 South

0.61 (0.32, 1.17)

0.48 (0.21, 1.07)

0.77 (0.54, 1.10)

 West

0.99 (0.53, 1.87)

1.96 (1.09, 3.51)*

0.96 (0.67, 1.38)

Health Behaviors

Physical activity

 Never

Reference

  

 Some/per week

1.37 (.83, 2.26)

1.54 (0.84, 2.80)

1.54 (1.13, 2.10)**

 Regular/per day

1.60 (.87, 2.95)

1.41 (0.65, 3.02)

1.59 (1.10, 2.29)*

Alcohol consumption

 Lifetime abstainer

Reference

  

 Former drinker

4.52 (1.26, 16.28)*

1.61 (0.44, 5.92)

1.28 (0.79, 2.08)

 Current infrequent

10.80 (3.73, 31.27)***

3.34 (1.32, 8.45)*

0.86 (0.56, 1.32)

 Current mod/heavy

9.63 (3.02, 30.69)***

4.09 (1.54, 10.85)**

0.90 (0.55, 1.46)

Cigarette smoking

 Never smoker

Reference

  

 Former smoker

0.61 (0.37, 1.02)

1.03 (.62, 1.69)

1.48 (1.10, 2.00)*

 Current smoker

0.83 (0.45, 1.50)

1.07 (0.59, 1.95)

1.34 (0.92, 1.94)

 Cholesterol check

1.04 (0.63, 1.72)

0.84 (0.48, 1.47)

0.85 (0.66, 1.11)

 Flu shot

0.66 (0.37, 1.18)

0.85 (0.52, 1.38)

1.01 (0.78, 1.29)

CAM Use, 12 Months

 Chiropractor

1.09 (0.57, 2.08)

0.40 (0.19, .82)*

1.36 (0.98, 1.90)

 Acupuncture

5.17 (2.35, 11.40)***

1.62 (0.79, 3.30)

1.22 (0.65, 2.31)

 Vegetarian diet

3.28 (1.45, 7.44)**

3.41 (1.54, 7.58)**

2.63 (1.67, 4.14)***

Health Status

Health status

 Poor/fair

Reference

  

 Good/very/excellent

1.70 (0.76, 3.81)

0.70 (0.32, 1.51)

1.13 (0.74, 1.72)

Body weight status

 Underweight/healthy

Reference

  

 Overweight

0.97 (0.55, 1.72)

0.79 (0.48, 1.33)

1.10 (0.83, 1.44)

 Obese

1.43 (0.72, 2.81)

0.35 (0.17, 0.75)**

1.04 (0.80, 1.35)

Functional limitations

1.17 (0.70, 1.98)

1.17 (0.75, 1.83)

1.53 (1.11, 2.11)*

Back pain

1.26 (0.81, 1.98)

0.83 (0.50, 1.38)

1.31 (1.02, 1.68)*

Depression, 12 months

1.73 (0.97, 3.07)

2.08 (1.09, 3.96)*

1.65 (1.22, 2.21)**

ER visits, 12 months

 0 visits

Reference

  

 1 visit

1.50 (0.78, 2.88)

1.48 (0.78, 2.81)

0.80 (0.55, 1.16)

 2–3 visits

0.92 (0.42, 2.04)

0.29 (0.09, 1.00)

0.98 (0.61, 1.57)

 4 or More Visits

0.12 (0.01, 1.02)

2.42 (0.53, 11.10)

1.61 (0.71, 3.65)

Hospitalized, 12 Months

1.08 (0.54, 2.15)

0.31 (0.11, 0.86)*

0.74 (0.49, 1.11)

Healthcare Access

Usual place of care

1.35 (0.57, 3.22)

0.72 (0.35, 1.50)

0.91 (0.61, 1.35)

Health insurance

 Uninsured

Reference

  

 Public

1.55 (0.68, 3.57)

0.91 (0.41, 2.01)

0.66 (0.44, 0.97)*

 Private

0.79 (0.33, 1.91)

0.70 (0.34, 1.45)

0.78 (0.52, 1.16)

Office visits, 12 months

 0 visits

Reference

  

 1–3 visits

1.19 (0.48, 2.97)

2.79 (1.44, 5.38)**

1.66 (1.04, 2.65)*

 4–9 visits

2.05 (0.76, 5.50)

2.39 (.86, 6.63)

2.27 (1.32, 3.90)**

 10 or more visits

3.44 (1.28, 9.22)*

8.62 (3.77, 19.73)***

2.59 (1.47, 4.55)**

  1. 1Race category “not releasable” were not displayed due to small sample size
  2. 2Family income used all 5 imputed income files from NHIS
  3. AIAN American Indian and Alaska Native
  4. ER Emergency Room
  5. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 (compared to reference category)