Hemodynamic changes caused by acupuncture in healthy volunteers: a prospective, single-arm exploratory clinical study

Table 5 Results of assessments on the variables from radial artery ultrasonography

Variables	Assessment schedule
	−5 min	0	+7 min	+14 min	+20 min	+27 min
	Baseline (Reference)^a	Needle insertion^a	During needle retention^a		Needle removal^a	Final^a
Diameter of radial artery (mm)	2.01 (1.83, 2.19)	0.08 (−0.06, 0.21)	−0.00 (−0.14, 0.13)	0.06 (−0.08, 0.19)	0.00 (−0.13, 0.14)	−0.07 (−0.20, 0.07)
Maximum velocity of blood flow (cm/s)	5.29 (1.92, 8.65)	2.30*** (1.46, 3.15)	2.46*** (1.62, 3.31)	1.35** (0.50, 2.19)	0.54 (−0.30, 1.39)	0.19 (−0.66, 1.03)
Average velocity of blood flow (cm/s)	9.31 (3.50, 15.11)	4.09*** (2.60, 5.59)	4.52*** (3.02, 6.01)	2.45** (0.96, 3.95)	1.10 (−0.40, 2.59)	0.30 (−1.19, 1.80)

***,p < 0.001; **,p < 0.01;
^aValues represent differences between the baseline and each assessment during the needling procedure (95% CI). The last details are identical to the footnote of Table 3

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