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Table 1 Effect of CS and Flu (positive control) on the MDA (nmol/mgp), GSH (μmol/mgp), SOD (U/mgp), GPx (U/mgp), GR (U/mgp), and CAT (U/mgp) levels in brain of immobilization stress and control groups (n = 8, for each group)

From: Protective effects of carnosol against oxidative stress induced brain damage by chronic stress in rats

Brain

MDA

GSH

SOD

GPx

GR

CAT

Veh-NS

4.02 ± 0.74

6.13 ± 0.69

1.32 ± 0.09

0.69 ± 0.07

0.51 ± 0.05

3.42 ± 0.96

Veh-S

8.97 ± 0.88***

2.87 ± 0.71**

0.61 ± 0.11**

0.35 ± 0.10**

0.26 ± 0.02*

1.08 ± 0.21*

CS1-NS

4.12 ± 0.31++

5.89 ± 0.31+

1.01 ± 0.13

0.59 ± 0.10

0.50 ± 0.06+

3.00 ± 0.34

CS5-NS

3.89 ± 0.49+++

6.23 ± 0.29++

1.13 ± 0.10

0.63 ± 0.11+

0.48 ± 0.08+

3.12 ± 0.41+

CS10-NS

4.06 ± 0.97+++

6.04 ± 0.97++

1.28 ± 0.07++

0.71 ± 0.06++

0.53 ± 0.04++

3.47 ± 0.38++

CS1-S

7.88 ± 0.65*++

3.07 ± 0.55*

0.73 ± 0.15*

0.41 ± 0.05

0.32 ± 0.01

1.26 ± 0.25

CS5-S

6.43 ± 0.75***+++

4.12 ± 0.19

0.96 ± 0.20

0.52 ± 0.02

0.39 ± 0.03

1.77 ± 0.30

CS10-S

5.06 ± 1.08+++

5.67 ± 0.61+

1.17 ± 0.09+

0.61 ± 0.07

0.45 ± 0.07

3.10 ± 0.14+

Flu-S

4.66 ± 0.62+++

5.88 ± 0.73+

1.28 ± 0.19+

0.66 ± 0.10

0.49 ± 0.09

3.31 ± 0.39+

  1. Each measurement was done at least in triplicate and the values are the means ± SEM for eight rats in each group
  2. Significantly different from the Veh-NS groups (*; P < 0. 05, **; P < 0. 01, ***; P < 0.001)
  3. Significantly different from the Veh-S groups (+; P < 0.05, ++; P < 0.05, +++; P < 0.001)