Table 3 Important potential harms of using ginger for the management of NVP to be addressed during the clinical consultation
| Â | Â | Physicians | Women | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Iterative round 1 | Iterative round 2 | Iterative round 1 | Iterative round 2 | ||||||
Item # | Potential harms | M | IQR | M | IQR | M | IQR | M | IQR |
| Â | Anticoagulant effects | ||||||||
1 | Pregnant women at risk of bleeding should be warned of the anticoagulant effects of ginger | 6.5 | 2.0 | 7.0 | 1.8 | 8.0 | 1.8 | NA | NA |
2 | Pregnant women with history of clotting/bleeding disorders should be warned of the anticoagulant effects of ginger | 7.0 | 2.5 | 7.0 | 2.0 | 8.0 | 2.0 | NA | NA |
3 | Pregnant women with history of vaginal bleeding should be warned of the anticoagulant effects of ginger | 7.0 | 1.8 | NA | NA | 8.0 | 2.0 | NA | NA |
4 | Pregnant women close to labor should be warned of the anticoagulant effects of ginger | 6.0 | 4.0 | 7.0 | 1.0 | 7.0 | 2.0 | NA | NA |
5 | Pregnant women taking anticoagulants should be warned of the anticoagulant effects of ginger | 7.0 | 2.8 | 7.5 | 2.0 | 7.0 | 1.8 | NA | NA |
6 | Pregnant women taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) should be warned of the anticoagulant effects of ginger | 5.0 | 4.0 | 7.0 | 2.0 | 7.0 | 3.0 | 7.0 | 0.5 |
| Â | Risk of abortion | ||||||||
7 | Pregnant women should be warned that ginger may be associated with spontaneous abortion in some pregnancies | 5.0 | 4.0 | 7.0 | 2.0 | 8.0 | 2.0 | NA | NA |
8 | Pregnant women with a history of miscarriage should be warned of increasing risk of abortion associated with taking ginger | 5.0 | 4.0 | 7.0 | 2.0 | 7.0 | 2.0 | NA | NA |
9 | Pregnant women should be warned that ginger may be associated with impairment of fetal development | 3.0 | 4.8 | 7.0 | 2.0 | 7.0 | 3.0 | 7.0 | 0.5 |
| Â | Risk of other co-morbidities | ||||||||
10 | Pregnant women should be warned that ginger may be associated with cardiac arrhythmias | 5.0 | 5.0 | 7.0 | 2.0 | 7.0 | 2.8 | 7.0 | 0.5 |
11 | Pregnant women should be warned that ginger may stimulate irritable bowel syndrome | 6.0 | 3.0 | 7.0 | 1.5 | 7.0 | 2.5 | 7.0 | 1.0 |
12 | Pregnant women should be warned that ginger may stimulate duodenal ulcer | 6.0 | 3.0 | 7.0 | 2.0 | 7.0 | 3.0 | 7.0 | 1.0 |
13 | Pregnant women should be warned that ginger may stimulate the secretion of bile and should be avoided in people with a history of gallstones | 5.0 | 3.0 | 7.0 | 2.0 | 7.0 | 2.0 | NA | NA |
14 | Pregnant women should be warned that ginger may induce heartburn | 7.0 | 2.0 | NA | NA | 7.0 | 2.0 | NA | NA |
| Â | Ginger lowers blood pressure | ||||||||
15 | Pregnant women with a history of hypotension should be warned that ginger might reduce their blood pressure | 6.0 | 4.0 | 7.0 | 2.0 | 7.0 | 2.0 | 7.0 | 0.5 |
16 | Pregnant women with a history of dizziness should be warned that ginger might reduce their blood pressure and worsen their dizziness | 5.0 | 4.0 | 7.0 | 1.0 | 7.0 | 2.0 | NA | NA |
17 | Pregnant women taking anti-hypertensive medications should be warned that ginger might further reduce their blood pressure | 5.5 | 3.8 | 7.0 | 0.8 | 7.0 | 2.0 | NA | NA |
| Â | Ginger lowers blood sugar | ||||||||
18 | Pregnant women with a history of hypoglycemia should be warned that ginger might further reduce their blood sugar | 6.5 | 2.8 | 7.0 | 2.0 | 7.0 | 2.0 | NA | NA |
19 | Diabetic pregnant women whose diabetes is controlled by medications or insulin should be warned that ginger might reduce their blood sugar | 5.0 | 4.0 | 7.0 | 1.0 | 7.0 | 2.0 | NA | NA |
| Â | Other adverse effects | ||||||||
20 | Pregnant women should be warned that ginger may induce some allergic reactions | 6.0 | 3.0 | 7.0 | 2.0 | 6.0 | 2.0 | 7.0 | 1.0 |
21 | Pregnant women should be warned that ginger may cause dehydration | 5.0 | 3.8 | 7.0 | 2.0 | 6.0 | 2.8 | 7.0 | 2.0 |