|
Antibioticsa
|
Extracts concentrationb
|
Bacteria, MIC (μg/mL) and modulating factors (in bracket)
|
Modulating effect (%)b
|
|---|
|
E. coli
|
E. aerogenes
|
K. pneumoniae
|
P. stuartuii
|
P. aeruginosa
|
|---|
|
AG100
|
AG102
|
AG100Tet
|
CM64
|
EA289
|
EA298
|
K24
|
NEA16
|
PA124
|
|---|
|
AMP
|
0
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
| |
|
MIC/2
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
0
|
|
MIC/4
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
0
|
|
CHL
|
0
|
8
|
32
|
64
|
256
|
128
|
64
|
64
|
64
|
64
| |
|
MIC/2
|
8 (1)
|
16 (2)
|
32 (2)
|
256 (1)
|
128 (1)
|
32 (2)
|
32 (2)
|
32 (2)
|
32 (2)
|
66.67
|
|
MIC/4
|
8 (1)
|
16 (2)
|
64 (1)
|
256 (1)
|
256 (0.5)
|
64 (1)
|
64 (1)
|
32 (2)
|
32 (2)
|
33.33
|
|
CIP
|
0
|
≤0.5
|
≤0.5
|
128
|
64
|
128
|
1
|
128
|
1
|
32
| |
|
MIC/2
|
≤0.5 (na)
|
≤0.5 (na)
|
64(2)
|
32 (2)
|
128 (1)
|
1 (1)
|
64 (2)
|
1 (1)
|
32 (1)
|
33.33
|
|
MIC/4
|
≤0.5 (na)
|
≤0.5 (na)
|
128(1)
|
64 (1)
|
128 (1)
|
1 (1)
|
64 (2)
|
1 (1)
|
32 (1)
|
11.11
|
|
KAN
|
0
|
64
|
4
|
8
|
2
|
16
|
32
|
4
|
16
|
128
| |
|
MIC/2
|
4 (16)
|
1 (4)
|
2 (4)
|
1 (2)
|
4 (4)
|
32 (1)
|
2 (2)
|
8 (2)
|
64 (2)
|
88.89
|
|
MIC/4
|
16 (4)
|
4 (1)
|
2 (4)
|
2 (1)
|
8 (2)
|
32 (1)
|
2 (2)
|
8 (2)
|
64 (2)
|
66.67
|
|
ERY
|
0
|
32
|
64
|
-
|
-
|
64
|
16
|
128
|
16
|
128
| |
|
MIC/2
|
32 (1)
|
64 (1)
|
-
|
-
|
64 (1)
|
16 (1)
|
128 (1)
|
8 (2)
|
64 (2)
|
22.22
|
|
MIC/4
|
32 (1)
|
64 (1)
|
-
|
-
|
64 (1)
|
16 (1)
|
128 (1)
|
8 (2)
|
128 (1)
|
11.11
|
|
TET
|
0
|
2
|
8
|
32
|
16
|
32
|
4
|
16
|
4
|
16
| |
|
MIC/2
|
≤0.5 (≥4)
|
4 (2)
|
4 (8)
|
4 (4)
|
4 (8)
|
2 (2)
|
8 (2)
|
2 (2)
|
16 (1)
|
88.89
|
|
MIC/4
|
≤0.5 (≥4)
|
4 (2)
|
8 (4)
|
16 (1)
|
8 (4)
|
2 (2)
|
8 (2)
|
2 (2)
|
16 (1)
|
77.78
|
-
a: TET tetracycline, KAN kanamycin, ERY erythromycin, CHL chloramphenicol, CIP ciprofloxacin, AMP ampicillin;; −: MIC not detected at up to 256 μg/mL; (): Modulating factor; na: not applicable,
-
b: MIC Minimal Inhibitory Concentration. c: Percentage of antibiotic’s modulating effect by the plant extracts. Values in bold represent modulating factor ≥ 2 and modulating effect observed on more than 70% of the tested MDR bacteria
