BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies

Table 4 The effects of EECCL on plasma obesity biomarkers level, liver and kidney functions in obese rats after 11 weeks of treatment

From: Anti-obesity effect of ethanolic extract from Cosmos caudatus Kunth leaf in lean rats fed a high fat diet

	Dietary group
	ND	ND + 175 mg/kg	ND + 350 mg/kg	HFD	HFD + 175 mg/kg	HFD + 350 mg/kg
TG	0.35 ± 0.02^c	0.32 ± 0.01^c	0.41 ± 0.08^c	1.15 ± 0.20^a	0.70 ± 0.12^b	0.62 ± 0.09^b
TC	1.27 ± 0.17^a	1.09 ± 0.22^ab	1.26 ± 0.14^a	1.28 ± 0.05^a	1.14 ± 0.06^ab	1.04 ± 0.05^b
HDL-c	0.87 ± 0.14^ab	0.86 ± 0.11^ab	0.89 ± 0.08^a	0.71 ± 0.04^b	0.72 ± 0.05^b	0.73 ± 0.03^ab
LDL-c	0.25 ± 0.03^a	0.25 ± 0.05^a	0.27 ± 0.07^a	0.26 ± 0.04^a	0.24 ± 0.04^a	0.16 ± 0.02^b
Insulin	0.21 ± 0.03^c	0.19 ± 0.02^c	0.18 ± 0.02^c	0.35 ± 0.03^a	0.27 ± 0.06^b	0.23 ± 0.04^bc
Leptin	0.83 ± 0.20^bc	0.65 ± 0.23^c	0.68 ± 0.15^c	2.05 ± 0.38^a	1.33 ± 0.26^b	1.12 ± 0.20^bc
Adiponectin	17.19 ± 0.95^a	17.00 ± 2.18^a	16.11 ± 3.54^a	10.26 ± 1.92^b	17.49 ± 2.36^a	17.07 ± 5.86^a
Ghrelin	64.68 ± 8.64^ab	78.92 ± 26.32^a	54.78 ± 34.99^ab	35.25 ± 8.64^b	89.44 ± 25.94^a	50.80 ± 7.37^ab
AST	93.38 ± 24.24^a	93.50 ± 11.25^a	84.85 ± 12.09^a	156.98 ± 113.32^a	123.63 ± 32.56^a	158.90 ± 48.09^a
ALT	34.25 ± 4.38^bc	33.25 ± 6.80^c	32.08 ± 1.14^c	51.90 ± 2.46^a	56.38 ± 7.24^a	45.95 ± 7.51^ab
ALP	80.75 ± 6.02^bc	79.75 ± 7.59^bc	66.00 ± 16.85^c	129.50 ± 23.70^a	116.30 ± 26.14^ab	94.00 ± 11.17^abc
GGT	1.00 ± 0.00^b	1.00 ± 0.00^b	1.25 ± 0.50^b	3.25 ± 1.26^a	1.50 ± 1.00^b	0.75 ± 0.50^b
Urea	5.60 ± 0.35^a	5.58 ± 0.33^a	5.88 ± 1.07^a	5.65 ± 0.90^a	5.08 ± 0.49^a	5.08 ± 0.54^a
Creatinine	48.25 ± 0.96^a	47.00 ± 3.16^a	47.75 ± 5.19^a	52.75 ± 3.30^a	51.75 ± 2.06^a	47.25 ± 2.06^a

Values are expressed as means ± SD (n = 6). Different letters (^{a, b, c}) indicate significant difference (p < 0.05) between different groups as shown by ANOVA using SPSS Version 20. N Normal diet, HFD High fat diet, ND + 175 mg/kg Normal diet + 175 mg/kg body weight C. caudatus extract, ND + 350 mg/kg Normal diet + 350 mg/kg body weight of EECCL, HFD + 175 mg/kg High fat diet + 175 mg/kg body weight of EECCL, HFD + 350 mg/kg High fat diet + 350 mg/kg body weight of EECCL, TG Total triglyceride, TC Total cholesterol, HDL-c High density lipoprotein–cholesterol, LDL-c Low density lipoprotein–cholesterol, AST Aspartate aminotransferase, ALT Alanine aminotransferase, ALP Alkaline phosphatase, GGT Gamma-glutamyl transferase. TG, TC, HDL-c and LDL-c were measured in mmol/L. Insulin was measured in μg/mL whereas leptin, adiponectin and ghrelin were measured in ng/mL. AST, ALT, ALP and GGT were measured in U/L whereas Urea and Creatinine were measured in mmol/L

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