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Table 1 Cytokines in healthy individuals

From: Effects of mindfulness-based interventions on biomarkers in healthy and cancer populations: a systematic review

Reference

Participants

Study design

Interventions

Controls

Follow up

Outcomes

Findings

Oken et al. (2010) [21]

31 Dementia caregivers

RCT (pilot)

MM (N = 10)

6 weeks + common first-week session

Education (N = 11)

6 weeks + common first-week session

Respite (N = 10)

7 weeks respite care

No

IL-6, TNF-α, HS-CRP, salivary cortisol

There were no pre- and post-intervention differences in the levels of cytokines between the different intervention conditions (p > 0.05).

Barrett et al. (2012) [33]

149 ≥ 50y

RCT

MBSR (N = 51)

8 weeks

Exercise (N = 47)

8 weeks

Observational Control (N = 51)

No

IL-8, neutrophil count, viral nucleic acid nasal secretion

Compared to the control group, IL-8 levels in the MBSR group were slightly higher in nasal wash collected during acute respiratory infection (p = 0.02).

Creswell et al. (2012) [35]

40 ≥ 55y

RCT (small)

MBSR (N = 20)

8 weeks

Wait-list Control

(N = 20)

No

IL-6, CRP, pro-inflammatory gene expression

No significant treatment condition × time interaction for log-transformed IL-6 was observed (p = 0.57).

Gallegos et al. (2013) [36]

200 Community-dwelling

≥ 65y

RCT

MBSR (N = 100)

8 weeks

Wait-list Control

(N = 100)

24 weeks

IL-6, IGF-1, IgM and IgG antibody response

There were no differences in the levels of IL-6 at post-MBSR intervention follow-ups.

No associations were found between MBSR activities and IL-6 levels.

Rosenkranz et al. (2013) [37]

49 Community volunteers

RCT

MBSR (N = 33)

8 weeks

Health Enhancement Program (N = 16)

8 weeks

4 months

blister fluid TNF-α and IL-8, salivary cortisol

There were no pre- and post-intervention differences in the levels of TNF-α and IL-8 between the MBSR group and the active control intervention.

Increased practice in the MBSR group was associated with a decrease in TNF-α levels, whereas the active control group tended to show the opposite relationship.

Hayney et al. (2014) [34]

149 ≥ 50y

RCT

MBSR (N = 51)

8 weeks

Exercise (N = 47)

8 weeks

Observational Control (N = 51)

No

IFN-γ, IL-10 Serum influenza antibody, nasal IgA

There were no significant differences in the production of IFN-γ and IL-10 in the influenza-vaccinated individuals between the different intervention conditions.

  1. Abbreviations: HS-CRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, IFN-γ interferon gamma, IgA immunoglobulin A, IGF-1 insulin-like growth factor 1, IgG immunoglobulin G, IgM immunoglobulin M, IL interleukin, MBSR mindfulness-based stress reduction, MM Mindfulness Meditation intervention, Open open trial with a pre-post trial, RCT randomized controlled trial, TNF-α tumour necrosis factor alpha, y years