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Fig. 3 | BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Fig. 3

From: Anti-influenza virus activity of extracts from the stems of Jatropha multifida Linn. collected in Myanmar

Fig. 3

Extracts from the stems of J. multifida inhibited influenza A H1N1 viral infection. H2O, EtOAc, Hex, or CHCl3 extracts from the stems of J. multifida (3.1-25 μg/mL) (n = 9 each) or (+)-(S)-bakuchiol (bakuchiol; 3.1-25 μM) (n = 9) were mixed with influenza A virus (A/PR/8/34) at a MOI of 0.1 and added to MDCK cells. DMSO (0.031-0.25%) (n = 9) was used as the negative control. After 24 h, the cells were fixed and permeabilized. To visualize influenza A virus-infected cells, we performed immunofluorescent staining of influenza A viral NP (green) and cell nuclei (blue), using the nuclear-staining compound, DAPI. Cells were subsequently photographed under a fluorescence microscope (a), and the percentage of influenza A viral NP-positive cells per DAPI-positive cells was calculated based on influenza A viral NP-positive and DAPI-positive cell numbers (b). The white scale bar in each image represents 100 μm. Data are presented as means ± SEM of three independent experiments. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 in comparison with DMSO

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