Fig. 1

Cytotoxicity of plantamajoside (PM) and PM’s prevention of glyceraldehyde-induced advanced glycation end-products (glycer-AGEs) mediates intracellular ROS generation in HUVECs. The cytotoxicity of PM on the HUVECs was determined by MTT assay. Cells were treated with various concentrations of PM for 24 h. Intracellular ROS was measured using fluorescent DCF-DA assay. HUVECs were co-treated with various concentrations of PM (μM) and NAC (μM) including with glycer-AGEs (100 μg/mL) for 3 h. rBSA was used as the control for the sample-treated groups. a PM was administered for 24 h. b The various concentrations of PM and NAC were treated with glycer-AGEs for 3 h. c The different inhibitors in the cellular systems were pre-treated for 1 h, and then the samples were treated with the same methods in Fig. 1b, specifically, rotenone; mitochondrial electron transport chain inhibitors, Apocynin; NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitors, Allopurinol; xanthine oxidase inhibitors. The results were analyzed with Duncan’s multiple range test as means ± SD for triplicate experiments. Significant differences were indicated by p < 0.05