Table 3 Descriptive statistics and univariable logistic regression analyses of adherence on psychological variables (n = 324)

LBP as threatening

---

---

47.63

10.73

0.99

0.97

1.01

.173

Consequences

6.82

2.11

1.00

0.91

1.11

.935

Timeline

7.78

2.18

0.97

0.88

1.07

.514

Personal control

4.54

2.33

1.03

0.94

1.13

.580

Treatment control

6.62

2.18

1.10

1.00

1.22

.058

Identity

6.95

1.86

0.89

0.79

1.00

.050

Concerns

7.86

1.96

0.99

0.88

1.10

.792

Comprehensible

6.83

2.57

1.08

0.99

1.18

.085

Emotional

6.21

2.46

1.01

0.93

1.11

.800

Caused by activities of daily living

120

37.0

---

---

0.89

0.57

1.40

.627

Caused by work

140

43.2

---

---

0.85

0.55

1.32

.460

Caused by accident/injury

123

38.0

---

---

0.83

0.53

1.29

.405

Caused by aging/genes

92

28.4

---

---

1.07

0.66

1.74

.777

Caused by disease

102

31.5

---

---

1.06

0.66

1.70

.801

Fear avoidance– physical activity

14.54

5.52

0.98

0.94

1.02

.301

Fear avoidance– work

15.17

13.11

0.97

0.98

1.01

.599

Catastrophising

2.45

1.43

0.93

0.80

1.08

.351

Expectancy

---

---

0.08

2.79

1.11*

1.02

1.21

.014

Holistic health

---

---

30.38

5.54

0.99

0.96

1.03

.785

Natural treatments

---

---

31.86

6.60

1.00

0.97

1.03

.988

Participation in treatment

---

---

26.85

4.88

1.05*

1.01

1.10

.030

Credibility of acupuncture

---

---

0.11

2.64

1.08*

1.00

1.17

.046

Acupuncturist

---

---

60.31

8.86

1.03*

1.00

1.06

.028

Change in disability

.112

No change ^a

49

15.1

---

---

Small deterioration

78

24.1

---

---

1.28

0.63

2.62

.500

Moderate deterioration

16

4.9

---

---

2.29

0.69

7.58

.174

Small improvement

108

33.3

---

---

0.74

0.38

1.47

.393

Moderate improvement

73

22.5

---

---

1.41

0.68

2.92

.353

Change in pain

.777

No change ^a

74

22.8

---

---

Small deterioration

50

15.4

---

---

0.92

0.45

1.89

.827

Moderate deterioration

31

9.6

---

---

1.07

0.46

2.47

.880

Small improvement

75

23.1

---

---

1.34

0.70

2.56

.370

Moderate improvement

94

29.0

---

---

0.92

0.50

1.69

.784

Change in Wellbeing

No change ^a

67

20.7

---

---

.637

Small deterioration

64

19.8

---

---

1.50

0.75

2.99

.250

Moderate deterioration

69

21.3

---

---

1.00

0.51

1.97

.994

Small improvement

62

19.1

---

---

1.33

0.66

2.66

.422

Moderate improvement

62

19.1

---

---

0.96

0.48

1.92

.911

Value for money

92

28.4

---

---

1.55

0.95

2.52

.079

Not difficult to travel

184

56.8

---

---

1.12

0.72

1.74

.607

Convenient appointments

106

32.7

---

---

1.67*

1.04

2.67

.033

Not effortful to attend

219

67.6

---

---

2.29**

1.42

3.70

.001

Not too expensive

118

36.4

---

---

1.90**

1.20

3.01

.006