Fig. 6

Beneficial effects of YMS-EA on BRIN-BD11 cells in a high-glucose (30 mM) medium induced the generation of free radicals, the reduction of β-cell marker genes, and the impairment of glucose-induced insulin secretion. a Effects of YMS-EA, AG (2 mM), and Met (100 μM) on ROS levels in BRIN-BD11 cells cultured in high-glucose medium for 48 h. Data are mean ± SEM (n = 6). ^ap < 0.05 and ^bp < 0.01 versus the YMS-EA (100 μg/ml) group. b Effects of YMS-EA on the gene expression of insulin/glucokinase/ pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX-1) in BRIN-BD11 cells cultured in high-glucose medium for 48 h. Data are mean ± SEM (n = 4). ^*p < 0.05 and ^**p < 0.01 versus the control culture condition (5.6 mM glucose). c Effects of YMS-EA on the glucose-responsiveness of BRIN-BD11 cells cultured in high-glucose medium for 48 h. Data are mean ± SEM (n = 8). **p < 0.01 versus the 1.1 mM glucose group-under the same culture condition. ^bp < 0.01 versus the corresponding YMS-EA (100 μg/ml) group. d Effects of AG and Met on the glucose-responsiveness of BRIN-BD11 cells cultured in high-glucose medium for 48 h. Data are mean ± SEM (n = 6). **p < 0.01 versus the 1.1 mM glucose group-under the same culture condition. ^ap < 0.05 versus the corresponding condition of None (30 mM Glucose) group