The effects of yoga on shoulder and spinal actions for women with breast cancer-related lymphoedema of the arm: A randomised controlled pilot study

Loudon, Annette; Barnett, Tony; Piller, Neil; Immink, Maarten A.; Visentin, Denis; Williams, Andrew D.

doi:10.1186/s12906-016-1330-7

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies

Table 4 Results strength b-8 and 8b-12

From: The effects of yoga on shoulder and spinal actions for women with breast cancer-related lymphoedema of the arm: A randomised controlled pilot study

Within group changes b-8		Between group changes b-8					Within group changes 8b-12			Between group changes 8b-12
Variable Gp (n)	Week 0 m ± SD	Week 8 m ± SD	P (0–8)	P(0)	∆int-∆con 0–8 Md; (95 % CI)	P(0–8)	Variable Gp (n)	Week 8b m ± SD	Week 12 m ± SD	P (8b-12)	∆int-∆con 8b-12 Md; (95 % CI)	P(8b-12)
SHOULDER STRENGTH
Abduction affected
Con(11)	66.69 ± 27.75	71.11 ± 22.16	0.365	0.327	5.08; (−8.16 to 18.33)	0.452	Con(10)	71.18 ± 23.36	64.42 ± 21.17	0.074	2.89; (−7.88 to 13.67)	0.599
Int(12)	56.83 ± 23.26	66.33 ± 22.82	0.042	0.327	5.08; (−8.16 to 18.33)	0.452	Int(9)	64.49 ± 23.54	60.62 ± 31.69	0.332	2.89; (−7.88 to 13.67)	0.599
Abduction non-affected
Con(10)	71.82 ± 28.95	75.24 ± 21.77	0.573	0.246	8.16; (−8.26 to 24.58)	0.330	Con(9)	75.29 ± 23.09	70.09 ± 19.62	0.220	−1.20; (13.28 to 10.88)	0.846
Int(11)	59.18 ± 23.76	70.76 ± 26.07	0.045	0.246	8.16; (−8.26 to 24.58)	0.330	Int(9)	68.75 ± 26.45	61.02 ± 22.61	0.153	−1.20; (13.28 to 10.88)	0.846
Flexion affected
Con(11)	73.13 ± 24.33	78.51 ± 29.09	0.298	0.777	−2.83; (−16.86 to 11.20)	0.692	Con(10)	79.10 ± 30.60	76.04 ± 30.64	0.506	−0.56; (−13.67 to 12.54)	0.933
Int(12)	70.17 ± 24.20	72.72 ± 24.34	0.606	0.777	−2.83; (−16.86 to 11.20)	0.692	Int(9)	71.53 ± 26.62	67.91 ± 27.82	0.455	−0.56; (−13.67 to 12.54)	0.933
Flexion non-affected
Con(10)	69.04 ± 24.44	79.78 ± 28.66	0.071	0.964	−5.54; (−21.63 to 10.55)	0.500	Con(9)	81.07 ± 30.09	83.91 ± 30.38	0.525	−8.53; (−21.31 to 4.25)	0.191
Int(11)	68.53 ± 30.45	73.73 ± 25.17	0.359	0.964	−5.54; (−21.63 to 10.55)	0.500	Int(9)	74.98 ± 26.73	69.84 ± 31.86	0.230	−8.53; (−21.31 to 4.25)	0.191
Extension affected
Con(11)	93.44 ± 18.33	82.51 ± 31.07	0.098	0.293	−0.59; (−18.53 to 17.35)	0.949	Con(10)	83.06 ± 32.69	79.52 ± 26.76	0.504	−3.82; (−18.89 to 11.26)	0.620
Int(12)	81.85 ± 30.26	70.33 ± 29.12	0.069	0.293	−0.59; (−18.53 to 17.35)	0.949	Int(9)	64.51 ± 27.04	57.16 ± 25.52	0.187	−3.82; (−18.89 to 11.26)	0.620
Extension non-affected
Con (10)	88.72 ± 20.82	87.84 ± 29.56	0.902	0.329	−8.94; (−28.25 to 10.37)	0.364	Con(9)	86.60 ± 31.08	87.64 ± 32.16	0.833	−3.90; (−18.03 to 10.23)	0.588
Int (11)	78.58 ± 26.33	68.76 ± 20.62	0.149	0.329	−8.94; (−28.25 to 10.37)	0.364	Int(9)	67.33 ± 20.67	65.69 ± 28.97	0.585	−3.90; (−18.03 to 10.23)	0.588
Horizontal adduction affected
Con (11)	58.00 ± 19.86	60.80 ± 15.41	0.485	0.744	−1.88; (−12.77 to 9.00)	0.734	Con(10)	60.06 ± 16.04	58.52 ± 20.06	0.644	−4.82; (−14.32 to 4.69)	0.321
Int(12)	55.73 ± 18.56	56.65 ± 13.60	0.811	0.744	−1.88; (−12.77 to 9.00)	0.734	Int(9)	54.02 ± 13.21	47.67 ± 8.23	0.071	−4.82; (−14.32 to 4.69)	0.321
Horizontal adduction non-affected
Con(10)	59.60 ± 21.42	63.80 ± 13.44	0.356	0.851	−7.40; (−19.72 to 4.92)	0.239	Con(9)	63.56 ± 14.23	66.47 ± 18.32	0.376	−8.54; (−17.90 to 0.84)	0.074
Int(11)	58.20 ± 19.24	55.00 ± 14.82	0.461	0.851	−7.40; (−19.72 to 4.92)	0.239	Int(9)	53.90 ± 13.04	47.91 ± 9.12	0.105	−8.54; (−17.90 to 0.84)	0.074
SEPARATE MUSCLES
Pectoralis major affected
Con(11)	53.99 ± 18.91	53.40 ± 14.36	0.891	0.918	−2.16; (−13.82 to 9.50)	0.717	Con(10)	52.80 ± 14.99	50.38 ± 11.52	0.327	−0.02; (−7.05 to 7.00)	0.995
Int(12)	54.82 ± 21.97	52.07 ± 17.05	0.504	0.918	−2.16; (−13.82 to 9.50)	0.717	Int(9)	50.60 ± 16.24	48.16 ± 13.85	0.347	−0.02; (−7.05 to 7.00)	0.995
Pectoralis major non-affected
Con(10)	55.00 ± 18.26	57.20 ± 14.67	0.549	0.679	−4.60; (−14.52 to 5.33)	0.364	Con(9)	54.76 ± 13.22	58.67 ± 15.12	0.133	−11.80; (−19.21 to −4.38)	0.002
Int(11)	58.40 ± 21.63	56.00 ± 19.04	0.493	0.679	−4.60; (−14.52 to 5.33)	0.364	Int(9)	54.45 ± 18.70	47.18 ± 15.01	0.004	−11.80; (−19.21 to −4.38)	0.002
Pectoralis minor affected
Con(11)	25.80 ± 6.89	28.80 ± 4.77	0.101	0.611	−0.98; (−5.95 to 3.98)	0.698	Con(10)	29.48 ± 4.42	22.44 ± 2.27	0.001	0.44; (−2.73 to 3.61)	0.786
Int(12)	26.95 ± 5.79	28.97 ± 4.48	0.250	0.611	−0.98; (−5.95 to 3.98)	0.698	Int(9)	29.33 ± 3.97	22.73 ± 4.92	0.001	0.44; (−2.73 to 3.61)	0.786
Pectoralis minor non-affected
Con(11)	27.40 ± 8.93	29.20 ± 6.82	0.495	0.898	−0.80; (−8.11 to 6.51)	0.830	Con(10)	29.26 ± 7.19	22.22 ± 5.33	0.002	1.46; (−5.11 to 8.03)	0.663
Int(11)	27.00 ± 8.81	28.00 ± 7.24	0.705	0.898	−0.80; (−8.11 to 6.51)	0.830	Int(9)	28.60 ± 7.98	22.98 ± 4.68	0.024	1.46; (−5.11 to 8.03)	0.663
Serratus Anterior affected
Con(11)	37.77 ± 7.02	46.00 ± 15.16	0.059	0.657	1.09; (−9.93 to 12.10)	0.847	Con(10)	45.32 ± 15.80	46.20 ± 16.17	0.168^a	−3.32; (−13.91 to 7.26)	0.264^a
Int(12)	35.86 ± 13.88	44.18 ± 12.18	0.008	0.657	1.09; (−9.93 to 12.10)	0.847	Int(9)	47.44 ± 10.58	44.00 ± 10.08	0.593^a	−3.32; (−13.91 to 7.26)	0.264^a
Serratus Anterior non-affected
Con(10)	33.00 ± 7.89	49.94 ± 13.24	0.001	0.981	−4.28; (−11.46 to 2.90)	0.243	Con(9)	50.36 ± 13.98	45.78 ± 15.59	0.190	1.35; (−8.58 to 11.29)	0.789
Int(11)	37.18 ± 12.29	45.80 ± 10.68	0.001	0.981	−4.28; (−11.46 to 2.90)	0.243	Int(9)	45.93 ± 9.14	43.27 ± 7.04	0.379	1.35; (−8.58 to 11.29)	0.789
Handgrip affected
Con(11)	24.6 ± 5.9	25.5 ± 3.9	0.439	0.866	−0.905 (−3.935 to 2.125)	0.558	Con(10)	24.8 ± 3.47	21.55 ± 3.72	0.002	3.58; (1.50 to 5.67)	0.01^a
Int (12)	25.1 ± 8.9	25.0 ± 7.4	0.969	0.866	−0.905 (−3.935 to 2.125)	0.558	Int(9)	24.39 ± 7.70	24.72 ± 8.72	0.525^a		0.01^a
Handgrip non affected
Con (11)	25.5 ± 3.5	25.3 ± 3.9	0.768	0.481	1.583 (−0.666 to 3.833)	0.168	Con(9)	24.39 ± 2.95	24.06 ± 2.18	0.672	0.83; (−1.35 to 3.02)	0.455
Int (12)	23.8 ± 7.1	25.1 ± 6.9	0.085	0.481	1.583 (−0.666 to 3.833)	0.168	Int(9)	23.22 ± 6.36	23.72 ± 7.04	0.526	0.83; (−1.35 to 3.02)	0.455

Baseline (b) = 0
∆ = change, Gp Group, M ± SD Mean ± Standard Deviation, MD Mean Difference, CI Confidence Interval, n number, Con control group, Int intervention group
^a non-parametric analysis

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