Fig. 3
Effect of kaempferol on osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. a The kaempferol treatment of the cultured MC3T3-E1 cells increased ALP activity in a dose- (1–100 μM) and time-dependent (3 and 7 days) manner. The data are expressed as the mean ± SD (n=6). The statistical significance of each group was analyzed by a one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) test (*p < 0.001, 0 μM [3 days], #p < 0.01, 0 μM [7 days], and ##p < 0.001, 0 μM [7 days] for the difference between the control and treatment groups). b The addition of kaempferol (1–10 μM) induced mineralization of the cultured osteoblasts. After 7 and 14 days of the kaempferol treatment, nodules were detected, and these increased in a dose-dependent manner, as shown by alizarin red staining. The data are expressed as the mean ± SD (n=6). The statistical significance of each group was analyzed by a one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test (*p < 0.001 at 7 days and ##p < 0.001 at 14 days for the difference between the control and treatment groups)