Fig. 1

Experimental timeline and procedure. a Ophiocordyceps formosana (OF) was collected from fields in Taiwan. b Cultivation of OF mycelia on PDA plates with yellowish colonies. c Extracts of OF (OFE) were analyzed by a DAD-HPLC system. A representative HPLC profile of OFE allows quantitative analyses of the indicated components, including adenosine and cordycepin. d Scheme for experimental timeline and procedures. Eight week-old mice were first acclimated for 7 days prior to intraperitoneal (IP) injection with 40 mg/kg STZ solution for each mouse once a day for constitutive 5 days and recovery for 2 days. Six mice were injected with PBS as a sham-control group. To monitor anxiety and insulin resistance status for the STZ-treated and control group mice, at day 15, mice were conducted an anxiety behavior test by the open field test (OFT), and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) was performed before and after the above treatments (Day 17 and Day 54, respectively). The STZ-treated mice were then randomly divided into 3 different groups for oral gavage daily by 100 μL solution given of PBS, the 25 mg/mL OFE and 2 mg/mL Rosi, respectively. At day 48, several behavior tests, including OFT, EPM and TST, were used. All mice were then fasting for 6 h before evaluating insulin sensitivity by GTT. The mice were sacrifice after 1-day recovery from GTT