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Table 1 Participant characteristics by diabetes and diabetes risk status; CKD-AFRIKA study population, 2014; N = 481

From: Traditional medicine practices among community members with diabetes mellitus in Northern Tanzania: an ethnomedical survey

Variable

Participants

 
 

Overall (n = 481)

Diabetes Absent (n = 436)

Diabetes Present (n = 45)

p-value*

  

Low risk

(n = 352)

Increased risk

(n = 84)

  

Gender

0.21

 Male

123 (26 %)

89 (25 %)

19 (23 %)

15 (33 %)

 Female

358 (74 %)

263 (75 %)

65 (77 %)

30 (67 %)

Age

<0.01

 18–39 years old

172 (36 %)

143 (41 %)

24 (29 %)

5 (11 %)

 40–59 years old

191 (40 %)

135 (38 %)

37 (44 %)

19 (42 %)

 60+ years old

118 (24 %)

74 (21 %)

23 (27 %)

21 (47 %)

Setting

0.10

 Rural

111 (23 %)

84 (24 %)

21 (25 %)

6 (13 %)

 Urban

370 (77 %)

268 (76 %)

63 (75 %)

39 (87 %)

Ethnicity

0.50

 Chagga

288 (60 %)

217 (62 %)

45 (54 %)

26 (58 %)

 Pare

66 (14 %)

43 (12 %)

19 (23 %)

4 (9 %)

 Sambaa

27 (6 %)

22 (6 %)

3 (4 %)

2 (4 %)

 Othera

100 (20 %)

70 (20 %)

17 (20 %)

13 (29 %)

Religion

0.18

 Roman Catholic

192 (40 %)

149 (42 %)

31 (37 %)

12 (27 %)

 Protestant

161 (33 %)

117 (33 %)

22 (26 %)

22 (49 %)

 Islam

123 (26 %)

84 (24 %)

28 (33 %)

11 (24 %)

 Hindu

2 (<1 %)

1 (<1 %)

1 (1 %)

0 (0 %)

Education

0.06

 None

31 (6 %)

21 (6 %)

4 (5 %)

6 (13 %)

 Primary

349 (73 %)

260 (74 %)

63 (75 %)

26 (58 %)

 Secondary

74 (15 %)

52 (15 %)

12 (14 %)

10 (22 %)

 Post-Secondary

27 (6 %)

19 (5 %)

5 (6 %)

3 (7 %)

Occupation

<0.01

 Unemployed

74 (15 %)

52 (15 %)

15 (18 %)

7 (16 %)

 Farmer/Wage Earner

199 (41 %)

157 (45 %)

32 (38 %)

10 (22 %)

 Small Business/Vendors

158 (33 %)

121 (34 %)

25 (30 %)

12 (27 %)

 Professionalb

50 (10 %)

22 (6 %)

12 (14 %)

16 (36 %)

History of Smoking

117 (24 %)

85 (24 %)

19 (23 %)

13 (29 %)

0.45

History of alcohol intake

318 (66 %)

236 (67 %)

54 (64 %)

28 (62 %)

0.56

Self-Reported Medical History

 Hypertension

134 (28 %)

86 (25 %)

27 (32 %)

21 (47 %)

<0.01

 Diabetes

61 (13 %)

23 (7 %)

9 (11 %)

29 (64 %)

<0.01

 Heart Diseasec

18 (4 %)

10 (3 %)

3 (4 %)

5 (11 %)

0.01

 HIV

21 (4 %)

21 (6 %)

0 (0 %)

0 (0 %)

0.24

 Stroke

8 (2 %)

6 (2 %)

0 (0 %)

2 (4 %)

0.17

 COPD

8 (2 %)

6 (2 %)

1 (1 %)

1 (2 %)

0.55

 Kidney Disease

14 (3 %)

7 (2 %)

3 (4 %)

4 (9 %)

0.03

  1. COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  2. *P-value comparing differences by diabetes status (present or absent)
  3. aOther ethnicities includes Maasai, Luguru, Kilindi, Kurya, Mziguwa, Mnyisanzu, Rangi, Jita, Nyambo, and Kaguru
  4. bProfessional included any salaried position (e.g. nurse, teacher, government employee, etc.) and retired persons
  5. cHeart disease included coronary disease, heart failure, or structural diseases