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Fig. 7 | BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Fig. 7

From: Haloalkane induced hepatic insult in murine model: amelioration by Oleander through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, an in vitro and in vivo study

Fig. 7

Schematic representation of the mode of action of oleander extracts to ameliorate CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity. Section (A) demonstrates the mechanism of CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity which is predominantly mediated by oxidative stress and inflammatory injury due to the formation of reactive metabolic intermediates. Cyt P450 = cytochrome P450, CCl3  = trichloromethyle radical, CCl3OO = trichloromethylperoxy radical, TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor-α, NO = nitric oxide. Section (B) represents the free radical formation cascade during xenobiotic induced hepatotoxicity causing oxidative and nitrosative stress. CCl4 induced hepatic damage distorts normal liver architecture and leads to leakage of liver marked enzymes into the blood stream. OH = hydroxyl radical, O2  = superoxide radical, MPO = myeloperoxidase, ONOO = peroxynitrite, HOONO = peroxynitrous acid, NO2  = nitrogen dioxide radical, 1O2 = singlet oxygen, H2O2 = hydrogen peroxide, SOD = Superoxide dismutase, HOCl = hypochlorous acid

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