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Table 1 Characteristics of trials included in the meta-analysis

From: Effectiveness and safety of moxibustion for primary insomnia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

a. Moxibustion vs. Western medications

Included trials

Eligibility criteria

Interventions and treatment duration

Sample and characteristics (male female, age, disease duration)

Outcome Criteria (effective rate Criteria)

  

Trial

Control

Trial

Control

Wu 2014 [59]

CD&TETCMD&S

Moxibustion

Duration:30d

Estazolam Duration:30d

91;

AGE: 20-75;

Disease duration:3 m-30y

91;

AGE: 20-75;

Disease duration:3 m-30y;

Unclear

Wong 2014 [62]

CCMD-3

Moxibustion

Duration:20d

Estazolam

Duration:20d

40 (M: 18, F: 22);

AGE: 18-63 (mean: 38);

Disease duration: 1.5 m-4y

40 (M: 16; F: 24);

AGE: 18-66 (mean: 39);

Disease duration:1.2 m-6y

GCTNPCM

Yu

2012 [60]

-CCMD-3

-ICD10

Moxibustion

Duration:21d

Estazolam

Duration: 14 d

30;

AGE: 13-65;

Disease duration: 1 m-8 y

30;

AGE: 13-65;

Disease duration:1 m-8y;

GCTNPCM

Ju

2009 [54]

Sleep efficiency computation

Moxibustion

Duration:10d

Estazolam

Duration: 10 d

40 (M: 18, F: 22);

AGE: 25-75;

Disease duration: 0.5y-5 y

35 (M: 14 F: 21);

AGE: 25-75;

Disease duration:0.5y-5y

Sleep efficiency computation

Yuan 2007 [61]

-CCMD-3

-ICD10

Moxibustion

Duration:20d

-Diazepam

-Oryzanol

--VB1

Duration: 20 d

40;

AGE 14-65;

Disease duration: 1 m-10 y;

40;

AGE 14-65;

Disease duration:1 m-10 y;

GCTNPCM

b. Moxibustion vs. oral Chinese medicine

Included trials

Eligibility criteria

Interventions and treatment duration

Sample and characteristics (male female, age, disease duration)

Outcome Criteria (effective rate Criteria)

  

Trial

Control

Trial

Control

Jiao 2015 [65]

-CCMD-3

-CDT&ETCMD&S

-Moxibustion -SanhuangAnshen Decoction Duration: 30d

SanhuangAnshen

Decoction

Duration: 30d

80 (M: 37, F: 43);

AGE: (mean: 67.8);

Disease duration: -;

79 (M: -, F: -);

AGE: (mean: 65.1);

Disease duration: -;

CDT&ETCMD&S

Liu 2015 [66]

-CCMD-3

-GCTNPCM

Grain-moxibustion

Duration: 14 d

Renshenguipi pill

Duration: 14 d

38;

AGE: 18-70;

Disease duration: -;

38;

AGE: 18-70;

Disease duration: -;

GCTNPCM

Zhang 2014 [68]

-CCMD-3

-Moxibustion

-Huatanjieyu decoction

Duration: 10 d

Huatanjieyu decoction

Duration: 7 d

59;

AGE: 34-65;

Disease duration: -;

59;

AGE: 34-65;

Disease duration: -;

Unclear

He 2014 [63]

-ICD-10-

-GCTNPCM

-Moxibustion -Tianwangbuxin decoction

Duration: 32 d

Tianwangbuxin decoction

Duration: 28 d

30 (M: 12, F: 18);

AGE:30-60

(mean:45.3 ± 4. 4);

Disease duration: -;

30 (M: 13, F: 17);

AGE:31-60

(mean:46.2 ± 5.1);

Disease duration: -;

GCTNPCM

Wu 2010 [67]

-CCMD-3

-CDT&ETCMD&S

-Heat-sensitive Moxibustion –AnshenBunao decoction

Duration: 22 d

AnshenBunao decoction

Duration: 22 d

30 (M: 13, F: 17);

AGE:33-74 (mean:46.8);

Disease duration: 1 w-2.7 y

30 (M: 11, F: 19);

AGE:35-75 (mean:45.7);

Disease duration: 1w-2.5 y

GCTNPCM

Hu

2007 [64]

PSQI

Moxibustion

Duration: 30 d

AnshenBunao Ye

Duration: 30 d

30 (M: 12, F: 18);

AGE: 19-65;

Disease duration: 24 d-16 y

30 (M: 14, F: 16);

AGE: 18-67;

Disease duration: 20 d-14 y

PSQI

c. Moxibustion vs. other TCM therapies

Included trials

Eligibility criteria

Interventions and treatment duration

Sample and characteristics (male female, age, disease duration)

Outcome Criteria (effective rate criteria)

  

Trial

Control

Trial

Control

Xie 2015 [77]

CCMD-3

-Moxibustion

-Head-acupoint massage

Duration: 28 d

Head-acupoint massage

Duration: 28 d

30 (M: 17, F: 13);

AGE:

(mean: 43.3 ± 13.8 y);

Disease duration: (mean: 11.5 ± 5.3 m);

30 (M: 14, F: 16);

AGE: (mean: 42.7 ± 12.4 y);

Disease duration: (mean: 10.8 ± 4.7 m);

GCTNPCM

Wang 2014 [76]

Unclear

-Moxibustion

-Point-application

Duration:15 d

Point-application

Duration:15 d

18 (M: 10, F: 8);

AGE:39-65y (mean:45.2 y);

Disease duration: -

18 (M: 11, F: 7);

AGE:41-69y (mean:48.1 y);

Disease duration: -

Unclear

Xu 2014 [78]

CD&TETCMD&S

-Heat-sensitive Moxibustion

-Head-needle acupuncture

Duration:24 d

Head-needle acupuncture

Duration:24 d

58 (M: -, F: -);

AGE: 18-70 y;

Disease duration: 12 m-60 m

54 (M: -,F: -);

AGE: 18-70 y;

Disease duration: 12 m-60 m

sleep efficiency by international standard

Shu 2014 [75]

GCTNPCM

-Moxibustion

-Head-acupoint massage

Duration:15 d

Head-acupoint massage

Duration: 15 d

9 (M: 0, F: 9);

AGE: 30-56;

Disease duration: 2 m-7 m

9 (M: 0, F: 9);

AGE: 30-56;

Disease duration: 2 m-7 m

GCTNPCM

Ma 2014 [73]

CCMD-3

-Moxibustion

-Auricular-plaster therapy

Duration:47 d

Auricular-plaster therapy

Duration:47 d

99 (M: 38, F: 61);

AGE: 20-64 y

(mean: 38 ± 13 y);

Disease duration: 0.5 y-20y

(mean: 7.48 ± 4.57 y)

96 (M: 33, F: 63);

AGE: 21-62 y

(mean: 37 ± 12 y);

Disease duration: 0.5 y-20 y (mean: 7.13 ± 4.92 y)

unclear

Li 2014 [70]

ICD-10

-Moxibustion

-Acupuncture

Duration:21 d

-Acupuncture

Duration:21 d

35 (M: 12, F: 23);

AGE: 20-60 y

(mean: 45 ± 3. 5 y);

Disease duration: 1 m-18 m

(mean: 5.5 ± 4.2 m)

35 (M: 8, F: 27);

AGE: 25-60 (mean: 48 ± 4. 9 y);

Disease duration: 1 m-18 m

(mean: 5.6 ± 0.4 m)

GCTNPCM

Quan 2012 [74]

CCMD-2-R

-Moxibustion

-Acupuncture

Duration:43 d

Acupuncture

Duration:43 d

36 (M: 15, F: 21);

AGE: 19-67 y

(mean:38.9 y);

Disease duration: 6 m-9 y (mean: 5.3 y);

36 (M: 17, F: 19);

AGE: 20-68 y

(mean:40.6 y);

Disease duration: 5 m-10 y (mean: 5 y);

GCTNPCM

Ao 2011 [69]

CCMD-3

-Moxibustion

-Acupuncture

Duration:32-33 d

Acupuncture

Duration:32-33d

34 (M: 13, F: 21);

AGE: (mean:40.54 ± 11.27);

Disease duration: (mean: 9.7 ± 2.45 m);

33 (M: 14, F: 19);

AGE: (mean:39.67 ± 11.93);

Disease duration: (mean: 8.47 ± 1.69 m);

Sleep efficiency by international standard

Li 2011 [5]

CCMD-3

-Moxibustion

-Acupuncture

Duration:28 d

Acupuncture

Duration:28 d

100 (M: 46, F: 54);

AGE:

(mean: 35.58 ± 9.87);

Disease duration: (mean: 21.59 ± 7.87 m);

98 (M: 45, F: 53);

AGE: (mean: 36.67 ± 10.93);

Disease duration:(mean: 22.76 ± 8.39 m);

GCTNPCM

Chen 2010 [71]

-CCMD-3

-ICD -10

-Moxibustion

-Auricular-plaster therapy

Duration:22-23 d

Auricular-plaster therapy

Duration:22-23d

37 (M: -,F: -);

AGE:18-72 (mean:48);

Disease duration: 2 m-7y

26 (M: -,F: -);

AGE:18-72 (mean:48);

Disease duration: 2 m-7 y

Unclear

Li 2010 [72]

-CCMD-2-R

-CD&TETCMD&S

-Thunder-fire moxibustion

-Acupuncture

Duration:10-30 d

Acupuncture

Duration:10-30d

35 (M: 15, F: 20);

AGE: (mean: 35.6);

Disease duration: (mean: 3.3 y);

35 (M: 16, F: 19);

AGE: (mean: 33.6);

Disease duration: (mean: 3.6 y);

GCTNPCM

  1. Twenty-two trials (n = 1,971) conducted in China were included in this study
  2. CCMD-2-R = Chinese classification and diagnostic criteria for mental disorders second edition-revision; CCDM-3 = Chinese classification and criteria for disorders 3rd edition; CDT&ETCMD&S = Criteria of Diagnosis and Therapeutic Effects for TCM Disease and Syndrome; GCTNPCM = Guideline for Clinical Trials of New Patent Chinese Medicine; ICD-10 = International Classification of Disease, 10th Version; PSQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; M = month; Y = year; D = day; W = week