Fig. 1

Cytotoxicity of Vero cells to D. grandiflora leaf extract. a Representative of score 1 cytotoxicity showing almost complete cell destruction and lysis of the cells (~100 % of cells were lysed); b representative of score 2 cytotoxicity where the majority of the cells appear rounded and lysed. The black dots are pyknotic cells (~70 % of cells were lysed); c representative of score 3 cytotoxicity with prevalent cell lysis. The cells appear rounded and devoid of intracytoplasmic granules (~50 % of cells were rounded); d representative of score 4 cytotoxicity with occasional cell lyses. Approximately 20 % of cells appear rounded, loosely attached, without intracytoplasmic granules; e representative of score 5 cytotoxicity showing confluent monolayer of well-defined cells with cell-to-cell contact (~100 % of culture flask surface were covered by cells). The cell morphology and density were not affected by extract treatment