The combination of Artemisia princeps Pamp , Leonurus japonicas Houtt , and Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fruit attenuates the exacerbation of energy, lipid, and glucose by increasing hepatic PGC-1α expression in estrogen-deficient rats

Table 2 Metabolic parameters related to energy metabolism at the end of experimental periods

	Control (n = 12)	APP (n = 12)	APP + LJH (n = 12)	APP + LJH + GJE (n = 12)	Positive-control (n = 12)
Body weight (g)	355 ± 18^a	360 ± 25^a	362 ± 19^a	340 ± 19^b	333 ± 18^b
Body weight gain (g)	96.9 ± 7.7^a	99.1 ± 9.4^a	101.2 ± 7.3^a	70.3 ± 7.3^b	74.1 ± 7.9^c
Peri-uterine fat (g)	11.2 ± 1.1^a	8.9 ± 0.9^b	9.2 ± 0.9^b	6.6 ± 0.7^c	6.1 ± 0.7^c
Ratio of peri-uterine fat and body weight	0.032 ± 0.007^a	0.025 ± 0.004^b	0.025 ± 0.005^b	0.019 ± 0.004^c	0.018 ± 0.004^c
Retroperitoneum fat (g)	13.3 ± 1.4^a	12.2 ± 1.3^a	13.0 ± 1.4^a	8.7 ± 1.0^b	8.2 ± 0.8^b
Ratio of retroperitoneum fat and body weight	0.037 ± 0.008^a	0.034 ± 0.005^a	0.036 ± 0.007^a	0.026 ± 0.005^b	0.025 ± 0.005^b
Uterine index	0.56 ± 0.06^c	0.56 ± 0.06^c	0.62 ± 0.07^c	0.91 ± 0.09^b	1.53 ± 0.14^a
Overnight fasted leptin levels (ng/mL)	3.4 ± 0.6^a	3.8 ± 0.6^ab	3.9 ± 0.6^ab	4.1 ± 0.6^b	4.3 ± 0.7^b

Control, OVX rats fed a high-fat diet (OVX-CON) with 2 % dextrin; APP, OVX rats fed a high fat diet with 2 % Artemisia princeps Pamp water extract; LJH, OVX rats fed a high fat diet with 2 % Leonurus japonicas Houtt water extract; GJE, OVX rats fed a high fat diet with 2 % Gardenia jasminoides Ellis water extract; positive-control, OVX rats fed a high fat diet with 30 μg/kg body weight 17β-estradiol + 2 % dextrose. Values are means ± SD
^a,b,c Significantly different among all groups by Tukey test at p < 0.05

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